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The History of Satellites - Sputnik I

The History of Satellites - Sputnik I History was made on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched  Sputnik I. The worlds first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball and weighed only 183 pounds. It took about 98 minutes for Sputnik I to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments and marked the beginning of the space race between the U.S.and the U.S.S.R. The International Geophysical Year In 1952, the International Council of Scientific Unions decided to establish the International Geophysical Year. It wasnt actually a year but rather more like 18 months, set from July 1, ​1957, to December 31, 1958. Scientists knew that cycles of solar activity would be at a high point at this time. The Council adopted a resolution in October 1954 calling for artificial satellites to be launched during the IGY to map the earths surface. The U.S. Contribution   The White House announced plans to launch an Earth-orbiting satellite for the IGY in July 1955. The government solicited proposals from various research agencies to undertake development of this satellite. NSC 5520, the  Draft Statement of Policy on U.S. Scientific Satellite Program, recommended both the creation of a scientific satellite program as well as the development of satellites for reconnaissance purposes. The National Security Council approved the IGY satellite on May 26, 1955, based on NSC 5520. This event  was announced to the public on July 28 during an oral briefing at the White House. The  governments statement emphasized that the satellite program was intended to be the U.S. contribution to the IGY and that the scientific data was to benefit scientists of all nations. The Naval Research Laboratorys Vanguard proposal for a satellite was chosen in September 1955 to represent the U.S. during the IGY.   Then Came Sputnik I   The Sputnik launch changed everything. As a technical achievement, it caught the worlds attention and the American public off guard. Its size was more impressive than Vanguards intended 3.5-pound payload. The public reacted with fear that the Soviets ability to launch such a satellite would translate to the ability to launch ballistic missiles that could carry nuclear weapons from Europe to the U.S. Then the Soviets struck again: Sputnik II was launched on November 3, carrying a much heavier payload and a dog named Laika. The U.S. Response The U.S. Defense Department responded to the political and public  furor over the Sputnik satellites by approving funding for another U.S. satellite project. As a simultaneous alternative to Vanguard, Wernher von Braun and his Army Redstone Arsenal team began work on a satellite that would become known as Explorer. The tide of the space race changed on January 31,  1958, when the U.S. successfully launched Satellite 1958 Alpha, familiarly known as Explorer I. This satellite carried a small scientific payload that eventually discovered magnetic radiation belts around the Earth. These belts were named after principal investigator James Van Allen. The Explorer program continued as a successful ongoing series of lightweight, scientifically-useful spacecraft.   The Creation of NASA The Sputnik launch also led to the creation of NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Congress passed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, commonly called the Space Act,† in July 1958,  and the Space Act created NASA effective October 1, 1958. It joined NACA, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, with other government agencies. NASA went on to do  pioneering work in space applications, such as communications satellites, in the 1960s. The Echo, Telstar, Relay, and Syncom satellites were built by NASA or by the private sector based on significant NASA advances. In the 1970s, NASAs Landsat program literally changed the way we look at our planet. The first three Landsat satellites were launched in 1972, 1975, and 1978. They transmitted complex data streams back to earth that could be converted into colored pictures. Landsat data has been used in a variety of practical commercial applications since then, including crop management and fault line detection. It tracks many kinds of weather, such as droughts, forest fires, and ice floes. NASA has also been involved in a variety of other earth science efforts as well, such as the Earth Observation System of spacecraft and data processing that has yielded important scientific results in tropical deforestation, global warming, and climate change.

See the dise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See the dise - Essay Example Its economy is strong and prosperous. This country is regarded as one of the finest place for the tourism. It holds almost 80% non- nationals as stated by Boleat (2012). One of the cities of U.A.E, Dubai is known as ‘city of Gold’. Boleat(2012) also reports about the economy of this country by saying â€Å"Dubai has a highly developed economy†. With increasing living standards and lifestyle people have become conscious about their lifestyles and looks. The rapid economic growth of the country has also contributed to improved diets and thereby obesity (Faust, 2012). This information from different resources suggest that population of U.A.E due to the availability of different fast foods and high scale income is directing themselves towards obesity. This fast growth in the obesity in U.A.E ‘s population has made them consious of their health. Different researches in this field have proved that people of U.A.E are becoming health – conscious and they are demanding for clothes that are specifically sports-outfits in which they can easily work out. This information about the need of opening sports clothing company in UAE is provided by Nasser who is form United Arab Emirates. He translated the local papers from there and provided the relevant information which was needed for the research. His information was a guide to study about the living standards, lifestyle, population, education, religion, language etc.Before analyzing the fitness adverstisements in the local megazines and the newspapers, the ethnographic research on the people of U.A.E was necessary. The conclusion drawn upon the information about the people was done with the help provided by Nasser. As U.A.E’s population consists of 80% of non – nationals; multi – cultured people live there. People are mostly Asians, mainly from Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. The languages spoken in this country are mixed Asian languages by the people. Apart from those languages English also

ENTREPRENEUR BUSINESS PLAN Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ENTREPRENEUR BUSINESS PLAN - Research Paper Example This may lead to collapse of the business (TheTopTier Digital Media, 2014). Thus, to become successful entrepreneurs, appropriate skills are required to understand the market well and respond to sudden changes. Of the new ventures in United Kingdom (UK) that have flourished in past years, some have proved to be very successful and rest are earning appropriate profit that can support their venture. United Supercars is a new venture in London, UK, which will focus on selling used supercars in the market at a premium price; since the company will target high profile elite customers. The supercars are very expensive and fast sports cars, which are marketed by automakers as limited production specials. The supercars have a standard look that is modified for enhancing power and performance of these cars. The cars are also customized according to the needs of target customers. However, United Supercars will sell used supercars in London, which will be brought in from Dubai (Wade and Hulland , 2004). In Dubai, supercars are manufactured by very few automakers who sell them at premium prices. The owners of supercars sell these cars after one or two uses and these are exported by Dubai automakers overseas (Connor and Dent, 2006). In London, demand for supercars is high since the young generation is equipped with car racing skills. The demand for supercars from Dubai has increased over the year (UAEInteract, 2014). The automakers in Dubai have realized that there have been 5.4% rise in sale of used supercars to London in 2012 (Auto Exhaust & Tyres, 2014). So, United Supercars has decided to import supercars from Dubai and sell them in London. The affluent families desire to own supercars to enhance their fashion statement. McLaren is a supercar, which is not generally seen on roads of UK since it is not relevant there. This car is exclusively manufactured for the races (Douglas, 2004). The

History and Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

History and Political Science - Essay Example They believed that the subjects under any rule were supposed to be controlled. These subjects were allowed little freedom in terms of actions or expressions1. The military leaders and capitalists believed that if people were given freedom of action and expression, they would exploit the chances in the pursuit of their self-interests. This would compromise the issue of national security and would result in disloyalty to the leaders. The military rulers were convinced that a society could fall into an abyss of political disorganization, which they mainly blamed on democracy. According to these rulers, an uncontrolled population may turn chaotic, and this will result in general disorganization of the political system of a society. Military rulers believed that the chaotic state of affairs may take a considerably long time to stabilize. This will lead to a great setback in the development of a nation. In addition to the issue of sovereignty, these military rulers were the leading advocat es of capitalism. They wanted to accumulate wealth for their own personal interests2. They realized that the national boundaries could not allow them to respond to the increasing system of production, which was a result of capitalism. They acknowledged that the resources available in their nations were inadequate to contain the expansion of productions in tandem with capitalism. This made the rulers to concentrate on breaking down the national boundaries through acts of aggression like wars. Therefore, these leaders believed in administering the varying levels of coercion and aggression in controlling the subordinate’s actions, and in wealth accumulation through capitalism3. On the other hand, the educated citizens and activists were indifferent to this style of governance used by military rulers like the fascists. According to their ideology, the rule of law should be given a chance in any human population. The scholars advocated for the adoption of the constitution. These s cholars acknowledged that for a more civilized state, there must be the participation of the people in the governance of a state. For a more secure and stable society, the leaders should be in the fore front in protecting the law. The population should be allowed participation through the election of representatives in the committees of administration. These representatives will push towards promotion of the population’s happiness and in fighting for the safeguard of his/her people’s rights4. The main ideology held by the advocates of constitutionalism and parliamentary representation is that the population must have a stake in formulating the guidelines to be used in governing them. For example, in a constitutional governing system, the consent of the representatives must be obtained. This allows humane formulation of the rules to be adopted in the constitution. On the contrary, the legislative power practiced by the military rules gives no room for the public’ s participation in matters of legislations. The whole power remained in the hands of the sovereign rulers and was not bestowed to the people. This was contrary to the ideology of those opposing rule of the whip, which allows little or no participation of their subjects in matters of governance. What pushed the development of the constitutionalism ideology was the need to implement a revolutionary socialism. The enlightened members of the population

AVON Products Case Study

AVON Products Case Study Should Top Management at AVON explicitly shape and change the culture of its organisation? Should Kroft, Woodbury, Jung or Gold has hopes of Succeeding Perrin, what should they do to develop their competencies and managerial leadership further so that the AVON board would look at them, and conclude that they have been there, and they have done that? Identify the problems and issues at AVON, and suggest ideas how the company could gain the competitive advantage in the global trade. Date of Submission : 02/10/2010 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Answer to Question 1: 1 Answer to Question 2: 5 Answer to Question 3: 7 REFERENCES: 9 CITATIONS: 9 Answer to Question 1: Yes, the AVON top management should explicitly continue to shape and change the culture within the organization. Based on our study, we found some issues faced by AVON Company as the following: AVON Managers are lack of sensitivity and slow response to the external environment change. In example: AVON managers were slow to realize that the influx of women in to corporate America had important consequences for home-based cosmetic sales. Resulted profitability slumped in 1980s. Poor financial performance at AVON has signalled the company for a need to become more responsive to a changing consumer market. Some unnecessary internal activities such like company session tickets for the Knicks and Yankees in the pass has also factored unnecessary cost to company. Those activities were scrapped later. As stated in the case study. Multiculturalism is the main challenge to the company as vital element in meeting customer demand and gaining competitive advantage. Those issues had badly contributed to AVON corporate culture and created impact for company performance in the pass. Definition of Corporate culture: So what is the definition of Corporate Culture? The definitions for corporate culture are numerous and are being refined and added to every day. The general academic view is that it is the shared, beliefs, assumptions, values, rules and norms the members of a collective such as a corporation or department hold. While this is perfectly acceptable we prefer to take the view expressed by Marvin Bower of McKinsey who said corporate culture is the way we do things around here. There are more sophisticated and certainly convoluted definitions for corporate culture but it is succinct and provides a good starting point for those who are new to corporate culture. Source: Corporate Culture, nd. Dudley Consulting, Inc. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 30 September 2010] Its difficult to change AVONs culture, the way we do things around here does not practice a positive corporate culture this is due to wrong believes, value and rules applied to the company culture. They dont lead by good examples and good leadership. But AVON has done it and turns those wrong doing to a positive culture started 1990s, as following: AVON start creates leadership campaigns such as sending middle managers for leadership development training. The entire management team participated in awareness training by leading diversity consultants. Management launch multicultural planning research project to evaluated company policies and practices regarding promotion. Indentify potential barriers to the advancement of women and minorities. Set up a task force across corporate head quarters multiple profit centres with more than 100 employees. Company has developed goals. To continue built a positive corporate culture, AVON shall consider below suggestions which is not practice from above example that AVON have done : Stories. A group packages up its culture into stories which are frequently told and re-told, and which typify the values of the group eg the time we all stayed late on Xmas Eve to get the last orders finished and then has an impromptu party at the local. Heroes. Individuals who typify to an extreme the values of the group. Symbols. These may be staff mottoes, the corporate mission statement or anything that symbolises the core values. Rites. These are specific occasions, such as the annual office party, when the core values are publicly displayed. Formal award ceremonies are another example. These are especially important for enculturing new staff. Rituals. This means a standard pattern of behaviour at a specific occasion, such as the office party if things are always done in a particular pattern. Courses. Attending in-house courses is an important way of team-building and communicating the core values. Cultural Networks. This means the informal contacts between employees where they reinforce core values, especially by passing them from older to younger group members. Source: organisation building a positive corporate culture, nd. tutor2u. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 30 September 2010] With above ideas to shape the company culture, AVON is likely achieve the following advantages of Strong Corporate Culture A common interpretation of the Instruction, so work is done to a similar standard and in a similar manner. Increase employee loyalty, and avoid expenses of employee turnover. Increase productivity of the company. Increase the Management control. Answer to Question 2: Before we jump to the point for discussing who shall be taking over AVON dealership there are something more vital to discuss first. Definition of Leadership : Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience (Jago, 1982) A simple definition of leadership is that leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. Source: Leadership, Susan Ward, About.com Guide. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 30 September 2010] Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills. This is called Process Leadership (Jago, 1982). However, we know that we have traits that can influence our actions. This is called Trait Leadership (Jago, 1982) Leadership is simply showed by good example, lead people to right things and do things right. A good leadership can groom another good leader. However, AVON does not groom any successful leader by any mentor. It caused AVON suffered many years. Until the company decided to source another leader who is experienced as chief executive in another global company. It had shown that company direction is to hire another guru to be the mentor and lead existing executive which hope to groom them in future. Definition of competencies: A competency is a skill, ability, or knowledge set that can be taught or developed. All competencies have indicators that allow them to be observed and measured. A leadership competency model is a group of competencies linked to leadership excellence in a specific organization. A leadership competency model supports the organizations vision and strategy by providing a framework by which the organization can select, develop, and evaluate leaders. Source: Joaquin Roca, 2009. What Is a Leadership Competency and How Do I Create a Competency Model? [Online] Place: USA/ Human resources and labour relations community. Available at: [Accessed 30 September 2010] A successful company should have a good leader with good leadership and competencies. In AVON, one of the main issues that that are facing is most of them are not processing comprehensive leadership and appropriate core competencies. A core competency is fundamental knowledge, ability, or expertise in a specific subject area or skill set. Source: Rafael Gutierrez, 2003. Core Competency. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 30 September 2010] Base on the AVON case study, should Susan Kropf to be the next leader of AVON, she not only needs to process a good operation and global marketing core competency skill which she already has. But also develop the following core competencies: Financial and Administrative skill which Edwina Woodbury has. To able to sustain company financial health growth. Crisis management and cost cutting skill from Christina Gold. Answer to Question 3: The main issue of AVON is due the lack of competitive advantage in global trade. Should AVON, like to gain a better business position, they should focus on building up the Completive Advantage in the globalisation era. Definition of Global Trade: Also refer to Globalisation. As economies become more connected to other economies, they have increased opportunity but also increased competition. Source: globalization, nd. Investorwords. [online] Available at: [Accessed 30 September 2010] Globalisation describes a process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. Source: Bhagwati, Jagdish (2004). In Defense of Globalization. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Definition of Competitive Advantage: The Competitive Advantage is the ability gained through attributes and resources to perform at a higher level than others in the same industry or market (Christensen and Fahey 1984, Kay 1994, Porter 1980 cited by Chacarbaghi and Lynch 1999, p. 45) In VAON, they do not gain a Cost Advantage simply because their internal cost is high, unnecessary expenses such like New York City Ballet and the New York Philharmonic session ticket. They also not leverage the advantage of internet technology and still relay on Door-to-Door selling approach. They also do not seem to have differentiation advantage within the company. AVON should consider taking below steps to gain Competitive Advantage in the Global Trade: Cost leadership Is there any way to make cost advantage among all the competitors in this borderless era? They can move the production line move to a country to provide lower cost of production. Or leverage Technology advantage such like internet to cut the advertisement cost or agent cost? Like Dell has been very successful on its direct model to outreach consumers using the internet order system. Differentiation How to make AVON product unique from other product? AVON can consider using product development strategy to improve product packaging to maintain the market awareness. Focus AVON should avoid participate in all product range. And focus on niche product that they are good with. And become the leader of that particular area/product.

Male and Female Travelers Essay -- Compare Contrast Gender Writing Na

Male and Female Travelers While reading Helen Maria Williams' "A Tour in Switzerland" and William Coxe's "Sketches of the Natural, Civil, and Political State of Swisserland," I find myself captivated by Williams' description of the Rhine Falls, while feeling indifferent by Coxe's account of the same landscape. It strikes me how much the Rhine Falls influences Williams' emotions and her avid imagination, yet it seems to have a subtle effect on Coxe. In her introduction, Williams mentions that "the descriptive parts of this journal were rapidly traced with the ardour of a fond imagination, eager to seize the vivid colouring of the moment ere it fled, and give permanence to the emotions of admiration, while the solemn enthusiasm beat high in [her] bosom" (vol. I, i). Coxe, on the other hand, seems to approach all that he sees with a detached attitude - he is simply there to observe the scenery, not dwell emotionally and spiritually within it. The obvious differences between Williams' and Coxe's approach towards the Rhine Falls show the contrast between what female and male writers value the most in their travels. Williams easily immerses herself into the magic of the moment in front of the Rhine Falls, while Coxe shows a more aloof reaction towards the Rhine Falls, preferring, instead, to observe the Rhine Falls and its surrounding areas as a whole. Both Williams and Coxe approach Switzerland differently. Before traveling to the Rhine Falls, Williams already has preconceived expectations and fantasies about what Switzerland is like: "I [am] going to contemplate that interesting country, of which I have never heard without emotion! - I am going to gaze upon images of nature, images of which the idea has so often swelled my ... ...s more on how the landscape will benefit them intellectually. For example, William' encounter with the Rhine Falls results in her developing an attachment to the majestic grandeur of the cataract, and she feels the cataract possesses a power that is far beyond the comprehension of mankind. Coxe, on the other hand, maintains a detached attitude towards the Rhine Falls. To Coxe, the Rhine Falls is only one of the objects that make up the sublimity of the landscape. Works Cited Coxe, William. Sketches of the Natural, Civil, and Political State of Swisserland. A Series of Letters to William Melmoth, Esq. London: J. Dodsley, 1779. Williams, Helen Maria. A Tour in Switzerland. A View of the Present State of the Government and Manners of Those Cantons: With Comparative Sketches of the Present State of Paris, 2 vols. London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798.