Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing Comparison

Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing ComparisonMarginal be is also termed as inconstant cost, a technique of costing which includes only variable manufacturing cost, in the form of direct materials, direct labour, and variable manufacturing overheads tour determining the cost per unit of a mathematical product. Where as Absorption costing, is a costing technique that includes all manufacturing costs, in the form of direct materials, direct labour, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overheads, while determining the cost per unit of a product. It is also referred to as the full- cost technique.In the costing of product/service, a marginal costing technique considers the behavioral characteristics of costs (segregations of costs into fixed and variable elements), because per unit variable cost is fixed and tot up costs are variable in nature, where as total fixed costs are fixed and per unit fixed cost is variable in nature and furthermore variable costs are controllab le in nature, while total fixed costs are un-controllable in nature. Marginal costing is useful for short-term planning, control and decision-making, particularly in a business where multi-products are produced. In marginal costing technique, the contribution is calculated after deducting variable costs from sales value with reference to individually product or service, in order to calculate the total contribution from all products/services which are made towards the total fixed costs incurred by the business. As the fixed costs are treated as period costs, are deducted from total contribution to arrive at net profit.In the context of costing of a product/service, an absorption costing considers a share of all costs incurred by a business to each of its products/services. In absorption costing technique costs are classified according to their functions. The gross profit is calculated after deducting production costs from sales and from gross profit, costs incurred in relation to ot her business functions are deducted to arrive at the net profit.Absorption costing gives better information for pricing products as it includes both variable and fixed costs.Marginal costing may lead to lower prices being offered if the firm is operating below capacity. Customers may still expect these lower prices as demand/capacity increases.Profit Statements under Marginal and Absorption CostingThe net profit shown by marginal costing and absorption costing techniques may not be the same due to the different treatment of fixed manufacturing overheads. Marginal costing technique treats fixed manufacturing overheads as period costs, where as in absorption costing technique these are absorbed into the cost of goods produced and are only charged against profit in the period in which those goods are sold. In absorption costing income statement, adjustment pertaining to under or over-absorption of overheads is also made to arrive at the profit.Terms explainedProduct and Period CostsPr oduct costs the costs of manufacturing the productsPeriod costs these are the costs other than product costs that are charged to, debited to, or written off to the income statement each period.

Telomere Shortening: Causes and Effects

Telomere Shortening Causes and EffectsHarry McLellanIntroductionTelomeres be a repeating sequence TTAGGG, a couple gramme nucleotides long (Kim, et al, 1994) at the end of chromosomes that prevents the degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid and stops the ends of chromosomes binding together as well as preventing unnecessary repair. The main function of telomeres is economy of DNA. During cell replication there is a trim down of the telomeric sequence with distributively cell constituent (Kim, et al, 1994). Once telomeres become short enough, approaching a hypercritical distance the cell begins senescence (Blasco et al. 1997). Therefore, it has been suggested telomere aloofness produces a mitotic clock which could predict cell and existence death (Harley, 1991). Telomeres degrade natur eachy with each cell division but certain breedingstyle factors may zip degradation and negatively affecting the health and fitness of an individual. This literature review exit explore ho w telomere distance is affected by lifestyle factors and ultimately how this has an effect on get oning. This literature review will specifically focus on the telomere length and aging unconscious process in humans. A subject gathering a lot of attention and understanding in recent years with the power to predict the longevity of an organism and opportunities to thin the aging process.Structure and function of telomeresTelomeres cap the ends of chromosomes (Fig. 1) and protected the connected DNA sequences during cell division.Figure 1 a schematic of the end DNA replication problem and how group pairs argon lost. Retrieved online at http//senescence.info/telomeres_telomerase.html (viewed on 18/03/2017) When the cell divides, DNA must be replicated. However, because DNA plenty only be replicated 5 to 3, the lagging desolate is replicated through backwards stitching. While the leading strand is replicated continuously, the lagging strand requires RNA primers, which provide 3 h ydroxyl groups to plant from. Then once the primers are removed, a gap is left at the extreme end of the lagging strand template. To stop chromosomes shortening, the end of the DNA strand is a repeating sequence (a telomere) recognised by an enzyme telomerase, which fills in the missing nucleotides to complete the template and ensure no information is lost (Klapper et al. 1998). While telomerase drill is detected in cells with high proliferation potential, in somatic cells it is virtually undetected resulting in the overall shortening of telomeres with each cell division. In immortal or stick outcerous cells however, telomerase activity is reactivated providing the basis for unregulated and potentially infinite divisions as telomere length is repaired after division (Dunham et al. 2000).Figure 2 human chromosomes (grey) capped with stained telomeres (white) retrieved online at http//science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2006/03/16/22mar_telomeres_resources/caps.gif (viewed on 11/0 3/2017)Effects of shorteningIt might be possible to predict a cells lifespan by measuring telomere length, an investigate development cultured human liver tissue reported results of 29-60 base pair loss per year (Takubo et al. 2000). Jiang et al. (2008) and Song et al. (2010) measured the levels of stathmin and EF-1a, which mark DNA vituperate and dysfunction and bring that there is a steady extend with increasing age in humans. Resulting in the overall negative relationship with telomere length and age.Cawthon et al. (2003) found certain genetic disorders like dyskeratosis congenital, the progressive failure of bone marrow leading to early mortality can accelerate telomere shortening. Whilst normal cells loose telomere fragments with each cell division, sufferers of dyskeratosis congenital will experience premature deaths and early development of age related sicknesss. The same field of view also compared people of the same age group and lifestyle and found those with natura lly shorter telomeres where likely to suffer from a wide range of diseases and had light survival. Without being affected by life factors, telomere length changes between individual and can give an indication to the life span. Shorter telomeres can lead to genome instability and a higher risk of genetic disease.Gender, genetics and diseaseIn humans there is a negative correlation between telomere length and age, Valdes et al. (2005) published a study that looked at one thousand women and cerebrate that the human telomere sequence is depleted by 27 base pairs a year by measuring the mean TRF (telomere restriction factor) length using a Southern blot method. Brouilette et al. (2003) found there was no significant difference in telomere shortening rates or length between males and females.Inherently, telomeres can be short and when shorter than average the individual becomes at risk of disease and a bring down lifespan (Farzaneh et al. 2008 Cawthon et al. 2003). Cardiovascular disea se is commonly associated with short telomeres (Yang et al. 2009). Telomere length can also be affected by environmental factors (Steinert et al. 2004) not just genetic factors. Factors such as body mass, diet, have and exercise (Valdes et al. 2005 Cherkas et al. 2008) all cause a decrease in telomere length and eventual cell senescence (Stiewe and Ptzer 2001). Factors like smoking and poor diet will accelerate telomere shortening and lead to disease development. Coronary heart disease associated with short leukocyte telomeres (Brouilette et al. 2003), increased risk of mitochondrial diseases (Zee et al. 2009), atherosclerotic diseases (Van der Harst et al. 2006), diabetes (Sampson et al. 2006) and increased risk in various cancers (Wu et al. 2003). In summary gender has no effect on telomere length but short telomeres are linked to a variety of cancers and disease.CancerWhen telomere length becomes withal short, the telomere can be subject to repair or recombination (Klapper, et al, 1998). De Lange (2005) published findings that repaired lesions are the probable cause of a cell let go ofing cancerous. In conjunction with this Meeker (2006) state that short dysfunctional chromosomes are involved in carcinogenesis. Using laser capture microdissection Shammas et al. (2008) looked at the function of telomeres and telomerase activity in adenocarcinoma (types of tumour) cells and found that when telomeres expire a critically short length telomerase activity increases. The same study also found when telomerase activity is suppressed the tumour cells did not proliferate set off telomeres and telomerase involvement in cancerous cells.Poor diet and smokingTelomere shortening to a critical length can cause damage to the genome and potentially turn cancerous. Long term smoking is linked to carcinogenesis in cells (Valdes et al. 2005). Telomere length in circulating lymphocytes is show to be significantly shorter in long term smokers compared with the mesh none smo kers. The exposure to tobacco has a negative effect on the telomere length and accelerates shortening (Morla, 2006). Using biomarkers accumulative DNA damage can be monitored. During ageing and or obesity there is a significant increase in biomarkers human blood. Smoking also cause there to be an increase in biomarkers (Song et al. 2010). When analysed telomeres shorten by roughly 27 base pairs a year but with introduction of smoking 20 cigarettes a day, around 31 base pairs are lost (Valdes et al. 2005) an overall detrimental effect on telomere length. In conjunction with this Epel et al. (2004) produced a study on oxidative stress linked to smoking and telomeres and results showed cells under high oxidative stress had lower levels of telomerase activity and were more susceptible to telomere shortening, aiding the ageing process. Overall smoking has a negative effect and accelerates shortening of telomeres, which can lead to development of tumours or cell death (Meeker, 2006).Oxida tive stress is linked with telomere shortening, which leads to DNA damage or premature cell death (Epel et al. 2004). Another factor that increases oxidative stress is poor diet and obesity. A study on obese mice (Furukawa, 2004) showed a positive correlation between fecund accumulation and increase in oxidative stress. The study also introduced a NADPH oxidase crucifyor which caused a reduction in adipose tissue (fat/ loose connective tissue) bring out that fat accumulation is directly linked to oxidative stress. The study concluded with the introduction of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, caused the conditions of the mice to improve. The reduction in oxidative stress also overturns the telomere shortening (Valdes et al. 2005) and cut down damage to the genome. In summary an increase in oxidative stress has a negative impact on telomere length and ageing.Stress and environment lifestyle choices impact telomeres length and so does environment an individual lives or works in. A stud y was conducted to look at the airborne pollutants like toluene and benzine within a city that humans are exposed to on a daily bases (Hoxha et al. 2009). 77 traffic officers and 57 office workers had blood samples interpreted that where ulterior analysed using real time PCR. Hoxha et al. (2009) analysed the leukocyte telomere length and found a significant difference. Traffic officers who are exposed to traffic pollutants had shorter telomere length compared to office workers. depiction to pollutants increases telomere shorting and risk from disease and ageing. In conjunction to this Pavanello et al. (2010) studied the leukocyte telomere length in 48 coke over workers compared to 44 controls. All none smokers and all in the same age group the coke oven workers are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on a daily basis. Pavaello et al. (2010) concluded that coke oven workers exhibited a significantly shorter leukocyte telomere length and higher genome instability linked wit h disease and ageing (Farzaneh et al. 2008 Cawthon et al. 2003).When an individual becomes stressed, the adrenal steroid glucocorticoid is released. Glucocorticoid has the potential the increase oxidative stress as it is known to inhibit the activity of glutathione peroxidase (an antioxidant enzyme) (Patel et al. 2002). In rats corticosterone (adrenal steroids in rats) caused a decrease in NADPH which is an oxidase inhibitor, (Furukawa, 2004) leading to an increase in oxidative stress and telomere shortening.Stress is associated with oxidative pressure, which is linked to shorter telomeres and poor health. Epel et al. (2004) took a group of women who perceived to have a lot of stress in their life and compared them to a control group who had little stress in their life. The participants consisted of 58 mothers, 19 whom had healthy children and 39 who had chronically ill children. The women with chronically ill children where perceived to have a higher level of stress in their life. The study on shortening in response to stress concluded that women who have a high amount of perceived stress in their life had shorter telomeres equivalent to that of a decade of ageing compared to their control counterparts (Epel et al. 2004). Stress negatively affects telomere length and can lead to poor health and development of disease.AntioxidantsTwo groups of women and their dietary intake where monitored over the course of five years. The study looked at diets containing high amount antioxidants, mainly vitamin C and E rich foods (fish, fruit and vegetables) against diets which did not (Farzaneh-Far et al. 2008). By measuring telomere length, using quantitative PCR and monitoring the levels of fatty acids in blood, Farzaneh-Far et al. (2008) concluded that an increase in antioxidants correlated with a reduction in shortening of telomeres and the women participants with stiff antioxidant intake generally had longer telomeres in comparison to the other dietary group. In a sim ilar study involving 1,067 cases and 1,100 controls, the dietary intake of antioxidants is recorded to study its involvement with the development of breast cancer in women (Shen et al. 2009). In correlation to Farzaneh-Far et al. (2008), Shen et al. (2009) found the same link of a reduction in telomere shortening with increase in antioxidants in the diet. The same paper revealed women with poor diet and low antioxidant intake were far more at risk of developing breast cancer. Antioxidant reduce oxidative damage and telomere shortening.Oxidative stress and nutrition restrictionOxidative damage increases telomere shortening and telomeres are linked to cell senescence. Oxidative damage is indeed linked to the longevity of an organism (Jennings et al. 2000). Dietary restrictions have been placed on organisms such as rats to test whether a decrease in nutrition will decrease oxidative damage. Jennings et al. (2000) found that when nutrition is decreased so that optimal growth cannot be sustained there is an increase in longevity and this is on-key for a large range or organisms. In an earlier study, Jennings et al. (1999) made the link between early growth and shortened kidney telomeres in rats in later life. The rats with diet restrictions had a reduced maternal growth followed by a postnatal growth catch up but had longer kidney and liver telomeres, which are associated with increased longevity of up to 15% (Jennings et al. 1999). To summarise telomere shortening is accelerated by oxidative stress which in turn can be reduced by nutrition restrictions which will increase longevity.ExerciseOxidative stress from poor diet and general perceived stress can cause an quickening in telomere shortening (Epel et al. 2004 Farzaneh-Far et al. 2009). Exercise can reduce the effects of stress shortening. Two groups of mice where placed into containers. A group given the plectrum to exercise on a running wheel and the other group given no option to exercise. All running don e was voluntary. At the end of the experiment, the mice given the option to exercise showed an increase in telomere stabilisation proteins and a suppression of cell apoptosis regulators (Werner et al. 2009). When tested on humans similar results occurred. When track and field athletes are compared to untrained individuals the data obtained showed an increase in expression of telomere stabilisation proteins in athletes and reduced leukocyte telomere shortening (Werner et al. 2009). Regular exercise will supress the effects of stress and reduce the effects of ageing by preservation of telomeres. ConclusionTelomeres naturally shorten with time and are reflected in the aging of a human. A cell can only divide so many times before the genome becomes damaged (Klapper, et al, 1998), in this instance the cell must begin cell senescence or apoptosis. Many lifestyle factors like obesity, smoking, poor diet, genetic inheritance, pollution, and stress can accelerate telomere shortening and agei ng causing premature death or disease. another(prenominal) factors work the opposite way, consumption of antioxidants can reduces oxidative stress and slow down telomere shortening (Farzaneh-Far et al. 2008). Regular exercise can increase expression of telomere strengthen proteins (Werner et al. 2009). Restricting nutrition to limit optimal growth will increase the longevity of an organism (Jennings et al. 2000). Telomere length analysation using quantitative PCR can be used to predict the lifespan of an organism and help stop the onset of premature age related diseases.

Oconto, WI vs. Las Vegas, NV :: essays research papers

Oconto, WI vs. Las Vegas, NVI currently live in Oconto, WI, but would love to go to Las Vegas, NV. Therefore, I am going to compare these two very different cities in terms of economics. There is great variation in the comparison betwixt Oconto, WI and Las Vegas, NV. Oconto is located in Oconto County and Las Vegas is located in Clark County. Las Vegas has an elevation of 2000 feet, while Oconto is only 591 feet. Oconto has a land area of 6.9 square miles, compared to Las Vegas with 113.3 square miles. Also Oconto has only adept zip code, but Las Vegas has 36. The population of Oconto, Wisconsin was estimated at 4,751 in July of 2002. Compare this to the estimated population in July 2002 for Las Vegas at 508,604 people. Males do up 48.0% of Ocontos population at 2,259 and females made up the other 52.0% at 2,449. However, males made up 50.8% of the population in Las Vegas at 243,077 and females made up the remaining 49.2% at 235,357 people. The median resident geezerhood for Oco nto is 36.9 years. This is fairly close to that of Las Vegas at 34.5 years. Oconto had a median household income of $34,589 in 2000. Again Las Vegas had a fairly close number of $44,069 which was also in 2000. A big difference comes in the median house value between the two cities. Oconto has a value of $69,800 which was in 2000. However, Las Vegas had a value of $137,300 in 2000. The ladder breakdown between the two cities is also very different. The majority of Oconto is made up of the White Non-Hispanic race at 97.3% of the population. Following are the minorities in Oconto of American Indian at 1.2%, two or more races at 0.9% and Hispanic at 0.8%. By looking at this data it is easy to see that Oconto is not a very culturally diverse town. The majority of Las Vegas is also made up of White Non-Hispanic people at 58.0%. This is considerably lower than Oconto and Las Vegas is made up of many more races than Oconto. Following are the minorities in Las Vegas of Hispanic at 23.6%, Bl ack at 10.4%, other races at 9.7%, two or more races at 4.1%, Filipino at 2.3%, American Indian at 1.5%, Chinese at 0.6%, Other Asian at 0.6%, and Japanese at 0.

Seeking Solace in Barbara Kingsolvers The Bean Trees :: Kingsolver Bean Trees Essays

Seeking Solace in The Bean Trees   Many aspects of lifetime are explored in Barbara Kingsolvers novel, The Bean Trees. A young woman named Marietta Greer from Kentucky wanted to strike out on her own, leaving behind everything she ever knew, just to scoop up a new life. Many children want to do this at an early age so they can experience life on their own unless they dont realize the dangers involved.. Everyone that leaves the solace of their own home needs loving support to keep them going through life.   Marietta Greer starts her journey by heading west across the United States in a run-down old car. She decides at the start that wherever the car breaks down will become her new home. When she stops at a diner one night for something to eat, she is suddenly left with a baby dropped off by an elderly Indian woman with no reasons why. Marietta tells her If I wanted a baby I would have stayed in Kentucky (24). Continuing her lonely trek, she changes her name to Taylor and ends up keeping the child and caring for her. When she finally arrives at her unknown destination, Taylor gets a job at a tire company working for a nice lady named Mattie and moves in with Lou Ann, also a star mother. She develops close friendships with them, and they all help each other through good times and bad. Taylor starts getting stronger feelings for the child, Turtle, and eventually adopts her through deceiving means with her new friends Estevan and Esperanza. Taylor keeps in fill with her mother, and she was thrilled her mother was supportive of her decision to adopt Turtle.   There are some things I would have changed about the novel to make it more interest reading and to broaden the type of audience it addresses. In my opinion, the book was kind of targeted at a feminine audience, especially single mothers. When Taylor and Lou Ann get together, Lou Ann sounds kind of absurd saying Who in the world would want to move in here with us (102), yet they develop a st rong friendship regardless. I had kind of a hard time focusing on what was going on and who was doing what mainly because the story wasnt interesting enough to attract my attention. Perhaps by throwing in a little more suspense or more action, the novel would have been more fun to read.

Al Capone :: essays research papers

A lot of Italian immigrants, like some immigrants of all nationalities, came to the in the raw World with very few items. legion(predicate) of the immigrants were peasants escaping the lack of opportunity in rural Italy. Gabriele Capone, Alphonses father, was one of 43,000 Italians who arrived in the U.S. in 1894. He was a barber by trade and could read and keep in his native language. He was from the village of Castellmarre di Stabia, sixteen miles south of Naples. Gabriele, who was thirty years old, brought his significant twenty-seven-year-old wife Teresina , his two-year-old son Vincenzo and his infant son Raffaele. Unlike umpteen Italian immigrants, he did not owe anyone for his passage over. His plan was to do whatever pee-pee was necessary until he could open his own barber shop. Gabrieles world power to read and write allowed him to get a job in a grocery chisel in until he was able to open his barber shop. Teresina, in spitefulness of her duties as a mother, took on sewing piecework to add to the family coffers. Her third child, Salvatore was born in 1895. Her 4th son and the first to be born and conceived in the New World was born January 17, 1899. His name was Alphonse Capone. A block from Als home was the parish church, St Michaels, where the Reverend Garofalo baptized him some(prenominal) months after his birth. At the age of five in 1904, he went to Public School 7 on Adams Street. Educational prospects for Italian children were very poor. The school organisation was deeply prejudiced against them and did little to encourage any participation in higher education, while the immigrant parents expected their children to leave school as soon as they were old enough to work. Al did quite well in school until the sixth grade when his steady record of Bs declined rapidly.Al Capone essays research papers A lot of Italian immigrants, like many immigrants of all nationalities, came to the New World with very few items. Many of the immigran ts were peasants escaping the lack of opportunity in rural Italy. Gabriele Capone, Alphonses father, was one of 43,000 Italians who arrived in the U.S. in 1894. He was a barber by trade and could read and write in his native language. He was from the village of Castellmarre di Stabia, sixteen miles south of Naples. Gabriele, who was thirty years old, brought his pregnant twenty-seven-year-old wife Teresina , his two-year-old son Vincenzo and his infant son Raffaele. Unlike many Italian immigrants, he did not owe anyone for his passage over. His plan was to do whatever work was necessary until he could open his own barber shop. Gabrieles ability to read and write allowed him to get a job in a grocery store until he was able to open his barber shop. Teresina, in spite of her duties as a mother, took on sewing piecework to add to the family coffers. Her third child, Salvatore was born in 1895. Her fourth son and the first to be born and conceived in the New World was born January 17, 1 899. His name was Alphonse Capone. A block from Als home was the parish church, St Michaels, where the Reverend Garofalo baptized him several months after his birth. At the age of five in 1904, he went to Public School 7 on Adams Street. Educational prospects for Italian children were very poor. The school system was deeply prejudiced against them and did little to encourage any interest in higher education, while the immigrant parents expected their children to leave school as soon as they were old enough to work. Al did quite well in school until the sixth grade when his steady record of Bs declined rapidly.

The Battle Of Midway Essay -- American History

The Battle of center(prenominal)On June 3rd, 1942, the join States declared war on Imperialistic Japan and Nazi Germany. Due to the bombing of the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor by the Nipponese the U.S. was forced to take action. The United States began their first naval battle near the Midway islands in defense of its pacific fleet and positioning. Midway was the Japanese last goal for its western expansion in the Pacific.Just after midnight on June 4th,1942, the United States attacked a fleet of Japanese transport ships. One American torpedo plane took out fleet tanker Akabono Maru. Later that morning at about 630am, Japanese planes began bombing midway island installations, though causing minimal damage to the U.S. naval base. Between 930am and 1030am the U.S. took out Japanese aircraft carriers Kaga, Akagi, and Soryu. During the battle the Japanese recovered three U.S. naval aviators. But after interrogating these men, the Japanese murdered them.On June 5th, 1942, a battleship, under the command of Rear Admiral Spruance, pursued the Japanese fleet westward leaving salvage workers to repair the U.S. aircraft carrier Yorktown(which was damaged a day earlier by a Japanese torpedo torpedo).The last of the air attacks of the battle took place on June 6th, 1942, with the United States beginning to emerge victorious with the sinking of 2 destroyers, 1 heavy cruiser, and 1 cruiser. stave a Japanese submarine torpedoed aircraft carrier Yorktown and the destroyer USS Hammann, though it took a day for the carrier to turn over and sink. The Japanese submarine escape with-out destruction soon after the torpedoing. (nautical Historical Center, Battle of Midway4-7 June 1942, Department of the Navy... ...he U.S. complete control over the Pacific Ocean. This defeat also gave the Allies an out-and-out(a) victory over Japan and the remaining Axis powers. The infamous Battle of Midway officially ended on June 7th 1942. Works CitedBaikie, Eric. Ngo, Ke vin. Collins, McKenzie. Major Battles of WWII. Viking Press. January 2002.Bruce, George sea Battles of the 20th Century, Stopping the Tide the Battle of Midway 4th - 7th 1942, Department of the Navy, May 1990Cressman, Robert, J. No End Save Victory, ocean Historical Center, June 1998Dingman, Roger, The origins of naval arms limitation,Power In The Pacific, Naval Institute Press, 1998.Naval Historical Center, Battle of Midway 4th -7th June 1942, Department of the Navy. June, 30, 2003.Naval Historical Center, Preparation For Battle Department of the Navy, April 1999

Lord of the Flies :: essays papers

Lord of the Flies Golding uses many symbols in the novel, Lord of the Flies, to represent good and ugliness in society. He uses Simon to represent the quietudefulness of life and the kindness of a good heart, while Piggy represents the refining on the island and the adult viewpoint of the children. The conch symbolizes straddle and also adult behavior. It is a symbol of strength and knowledge as well, as the evil of the beast represents the fear in the boys. All of these symbols change as the story goes on, some changes are less obvious and are the result of the readers new perspective while others undergo dramatic, and quite obvious, change. Simon is a symbol of peace who sees save good in the world. The name Simon itself means, listener, and depicts Simons character well as he always listens instead of giving an alternative judgement. Although at times his opinion differs from the others, he never complains. Simons great sacrifice for the boys, dying for their sin, is a trait of a martyr. Simons death results in a change of his affect on the boys and on the reader. Because he is killed by the other boys, he begins to represent the evil that has dominated over the good on the island. Piggy is another symbol for goodness, however his goodness is not the same as Simons. Piggy represents the goodness that comes from adults and order. Piggys inability to see well makes him a perfect symbol for that of blind justice. Piggy not only thinks like an adult, but also is constantly worried about how adults would view the society on the island, showing he is concerned with the order and justice of things and pauperism to be civilized. Piggy is picked on a lot by the other boys because of his weight and sight hindrance, but nonetheless he does not give up his share of the authority. Piggy is constantly saying, Ive got the conch, ( a sign of authority and a sign that all should listen to the person with the conch. Piggys death symbolizes the destr uction of society and civilization on the island, and the rise of savage behavior. It also shows the demise of order and the rise of the devil.