Diversity in the United States Essay

What information about diversity in the United States has helped you better understand or relate to others in ways that you may not have in the past? Diversity in the united states in not something new here but in fact spans back many generations. Diversity is everywhere and no one can truly get away from it, but by accepting it a person can learn how to lead a better fuller life with variety of understanding for the people that come in contact with. I feel that the biggest thing I learned in this call about diversity is not that there is diversity but that there is a lot of work to be done to farther the peace action between the groups of people knowing this make me realize that the us is not yet a unity but is trying and gives me more will to make my voice heard that we need to start accepting one another. †¢Have you learned something new about your own racial, ethnic, or cultural history? My own racial, ethnic, or cultural history is a great big mess of origins, religions, and culture but this class made me realize that one I am not alone in time case and that I too as a person have boundaries that hold me back. For instance there is a glass ceiling which is â€Å"the barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership† (ch.3, pg. 78) this is not a barrier of race or religion or culture its based on gender and I being a women hinders my ability to progress in some areas of the working world. This is some thin that women from not just the United States have been fighting for but the United States I see ha made great strides to make things more equal and fair. †¢Trends in immigration will continue to shape the demographics of the United States. What will the U.S. population look like in the year 2050? Why do you think so? With the raising population factor and the immigrant that keep flowing in will make the melting pot a whole lot bigger making some big changes like the minorities becoming majorities and vies versa. In an article on CNN U.S. website had this to say â€Å"There’s going to be a very diverse minority population with large amounts of interracial marriage. What we’ll see is that the Anglo-Saxon population will no longer be the majority. I believe the mixed-race population will grow the fastest because compared to the past, interracial relationships are increasingly tolerated and considered OK by a large percent of the younger generations. It’s no longer strange to see a black and white couple at a restaurant together today. Yet someone visiting from the 1960s would be shocked.† (Kotkin,2010) this just comes to show you that there are a lot of changes in the works for this country. †¢What challenges does the United States face due to the diversity of its people? The United States is by far more diverse then other countries, on a larger scale and because of that many parts of this country has states with cities that are unintentionally segregated by race and culture. This type of living is ok but it also make be shy away from each other and not interact , thus giving way to discrimination and prejudice due to the lack of understanding of one another. With any type of misunderstanding can bring new problems to the table and this only made it hard to for the government to mandate a resolve for it, but if we could start mingling more intergrading more that misunderstand will start to disappear lessening the amount of discrimination in the country. †¢What are the benefits of such a diverse society? The benefits of such a diverse society in the United States is an amazing one and growing every day. The United States is a melting pot of races, cultures, religions, and sexual preferences in many forms and this all make for a great example that we can all get along. What I’m trying to say is that we are cutting out the misunderstanding between the categories of people and back down the boundaries that were set to control. We are not a country at war we are a country that is showing that it is possible to live in peace without letting discrimination and prejudice turn us against one another. In other wording the U.S. is showing that it’s ok to be one and to stand together and in time I think we will. †¢How can we foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States? Pluralism is a state in which racial and ethnic categories, though distinct, have equal social standing. (Macionis, 2012 pg.84) So in stating what it is we are looking to foster gives us a better idea of what to expect if we do foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States. Though to get there we need to teach, I mean really teach each other and about one another in every way form what we eat to how we celebrate traditions. We need to get everyone involved as much as possible, which means in schools, jobs, and community. By doing all of this we will have a better understanding of one another which well level out the minorities with the majorities and make acceptance easier all around. †¢In what ways does the media perpetuate stereotyping and prejudice? Provide examples to support your assertion. The media I feel perpetuates stereotyping and prejudice by ways of take on old way and making them fix into the new. This is still stereotyping, it is still racism, it is still discrimination and it is wrong, wrong because the media is not trying to help resolve issue of this topic but in an effect helping to create it. In this day and age that media is watched more than ever and it is teaching that it is ok to by this way or view people in such a light which can hinder the process of pluralism. In an article I found stated the following â€Å"Bradley Gorham researched this problem in the article â€Å"News media’s relationship with stereotyping† (2006). Gorham maintains that, â€Å"stereotypic images of Blacks persist in the dominant media†¦as a result; stereotypes are perpetuated within the culture in subtle, yet highly effectual ways† (Gorham, 2006, 289). In addition, a 1991 study conducted by Northwestern University on the images of races in local TV news programs, concluded that television stations serve to promote what researchers deem ‘modern racism’ or â€Å"the continued, though muted, antagonism between races† and that in their efforts to overcome racism, stations have actually served to worsen â€Å"racial hostilities† (Bowling, 2004).†(Henry, 2007) †¢In what ways does the media help foster appreciation for diversity? Provide examples to support your assertion. Though the media perpetuate some stereotyping and prejudice, it also does a lot of good. In the media you can find hundreds of advertisements that are out there to help the progression of unity and pluralism, but also television shows and documentaries that have made huge strides to fight for the right of everyone and show real depictions of how much easies life could be if we just all got along. A great film called Life in a Day, which is a film that is compiled of thousands of people throughout the world on one single day, the 24th of July. The Director Macdonald said that the film focused on a single day â€Å"because a day is the basic temporal building block of human life—wherever you are,†(Watercutter, 2011) this is a view of how truly alike we all are and its film like this that make the media help foster appreciation for diversity. †¢How might individuals and the United States work together to reduce prejudice and increase appreciation for diversity? We a people need to make a point to make an act of kindness every day towards those that need help and teach our children our adults of the future to be blind of race, religion, culture, and anything else and learn to fight for one another in every way possible. I feel that one good act of kindness or one good stand of what is right can create a beautiful butterfly effect of future unity and pluralism. Other things that might work is to mandate regulations of team working in company’s and schools so to in a sense force unity in the work place making those who normally would not work together to work side by side and see firsthand the they are on different from one another. †¢How might you change your own behaviors to be more inclusive and pluralistic? My behaviors to be more inclusive and pluralistic has started many years ago when I was 12, our cool had a school meeting to discuss the issue our school was having with discrimination and exclusion of students into due to their differences. The principal ask if any of us had any ideas that we felt could and I stated that instead of selling the extra land the school was trying to sell and make it into a team working ropes course and it was voted on and created and still used today. I have always found ways to help others get along and or view things difference, I make a point to set an example for my child and any one the needs an example of how to be a good human not just a person. In this day and age there still is many issue related to discrimination and prejudice that need to be resolve and yes it will take time but one step can lead to many running towards the better good of mankind ,unity, and pluralism of the country and maybe someday the world. So let’s stop the perpetuation of discrimination and prejudice and being the progress to unity and pluralism. â€Å"Pluralism that is, the conception that there are many different ends that men may seek and still be fully rational, fully men, capable of understanding each other and sympathising and deriving light from each other.† – Sir Isaiah Berlin The Crooked Timber of Humanity,’The Pursuit of the Ideal’. Chapter 3, Racial and Ethnic Groups, Thirteenth edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc What will America look like in 2050? July 02, 2010|By Liane Membis, CNN  © 2012 Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. All Rights Reserved, http://articles.cnn.com/2010-07-02/us/joel.kotkin.census_1_census-workers-current-census-cnn?_s=PM:US Social Problems, Census Edition, Fourth edition, by John J. Macionis. Published by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Racial Profiling in the Media: Investigated Through a Ritualistic Lens By: Sylvia Henry, COMM 3210: Human Communication Theory, University of Colorado at Boulder, Fall, 2007 Gorham, B. (2006). News media’s relationship with stereotyping: The linguistic intergroup bias in response to crime news. Journal of Communication, 56, 289-308. Bowling, D. (2004). The problem with MWP news stories: Are missing persons news? i f so, why only missing white people? Retrieved October 10, 2007 from MSNBC: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4669495/. http://www.colorado.edu/communication/meta-discourses/Papers/App_Papers/Henry.htm Watercutter, Angela, â€Å"Life in a Day Distills 4,500 Hours of Intimate Video Into Urgent Documentary† (WebCite archive), Wired magazine, July 29, 2011. The Crooked Timber of Humanity,’The Pursuit of the Ideal’, by Sir Isaiah Berlin published 1959)

Berjaya Corporation Berhad Essay

1.0 Introduction A business that seeks to operate honestly, considers people and the environment when making business decisions, and tries to make a positive contribution to the local community and to wider society Berjaya Corporation Berhad is an investment holding company and is engaged in the provision of management services. Berjaya Corporation group of companies is founded by Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun when he acquired a major controlling stake Berjaya Industrial Berhad in the year of 1984. It is originally known as Berjaya Kawat Berhad and now known as Reka Pacifiic Berhad. In October 1988, Berjaya Group became the holding company of Reka Pacific Berhad. The principal activities of the subsidiaries consist of Consumer Marketing, Direct Selling & Retail; Financial Services; Hotels, Resorts, Vacation Timeshare & Recreation Development; Property Investment and Development; Gaming & Lottery Management; Development of Sanitary Landfill, Environvental Services and clean Technology Investment; Food & Beverage; and Investment Holding (appendix 1). Hence, due to their strategies structure, it has made them successful until today. At Berjaya Corporation group of companies, they believe that being a social responsible company can bring a balance between profitability and communities they operate. Due to their business, Berjaya companies almost in touch with society daily needs. Therefore, Berjaya always encourage their staff to take part in the Group’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities. Over the years, Berjaya Corporation had planned many charity projects, fund-raising events and donations as a social commitment towards the society. 2.0 Current Practices 2.1 Community To curb the escalation of strays in Malaysia, Berjaya Corporation Berhad organized a charity concert and conducted by Berjaya Youth to raise funds  for the approximately RM115,000 for the sterilization of 1,000 rescued animals. Besides that, Berjaya Youth had collaborated with Paws Animal Welfare Society (PAWS) to launch its Mobile Animal Clinic at Berjaya Times Square (appendix 2). Better Malaysia Foundation, Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Vincent Tan ‘s personal foundation, had donated the mobile animal clinic that worth RM220,000 to create awareness on the importance of spaying and neutering of animals to curb the escalation of strays in Malaysia. The mobile animal clinic features a well-equipped examination room that can administer vaccination and perform sterilization on animals safely. Besides that, Berjaya Corporation has partnered with PAWS Animal Welfare Society to build a cattery building that can provide space for 300 cats. This cattery is to improve the living conditions of homeless cat till they get adopted. With this cattery, Berjaya Corporation want to create awareness for people to adopt a cat instead of buying. This is a good news for PAWS as PAWS is shortage of space and limited funds to take care those abandoned cats and dogs (appendix 3). Disabilities are always one of the groups that need community to give support. On 14 June 2014, Berjaya Corporation Berhad donated RM200, 000 to the Life Prostheses Centre (â€Å"LFL†) located in the Bandar Utama Buddhist Society’s building in Petaling Jaya, Selangor. The centre is the first and only prostheses workshop in Malaysia that provide free prosthetic limbs to poor and less fortunate Malaysia (appendix 4). However, the cost of making a limbs is not cheap, each cost estimated between RM3, 000 to RM5, 000. With the contribution of RM200,000 , it will enable the centre to get 40 to 70 prosthetic limbs depending on the type and level of amputation. Next, Berjaya Cares Foundation contributed 10 units of dialysis machines worth RM450,000 to the National Kidney Foundation of Malaysia (appendix 5). Since the establishment of this foundation, Berjaya Corporation have never failed to support them, Berjaya Corporation Berhad has raised funds for National Kidney Foundation through annual Kenny Roasters Chicken Run event  for 2 years and through donation boxes placed in 7-Eleven outlets. Last year, they get to set up a one-stop information hub for all matters related to kidney and kidney care. 2.2 Employees Employees of Berjaya Corporation had their priority in the company. Berjaya Corporation always give their employees good quality in their workplace to make sure their employees can focus in their career development. Besides that, employees are constantly encouraged to participate in training and development programmes which relevant to their job field, so they can improve their productivity and develop skill sets. Moreover, Berjaya Cares Foundation regularly organizes talk about health, safety awareness and other topics such as personal development to their staff (appendix 6), while the Sports Toto Fitness Centre with full completed gymnasium equipment and facilities is set up to encourage their staff to exercise regularly and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Besides that, Berjaya Cares Foundation had set up a Staff Welfare Fund to manage and supplement financial aid to their employees and their family member whenever they need help in illness, natural disaster and death. This is a very good benefit to become their staff. 2.3 Environment A group of 17 Sports Toto volunteers went to Kuala Selangor Nature Park to plant mangrove trees. Mangrove trees are very good in carbon absorption and act as natural flood retention â€Å"sponge† to hold heavy rainfall which can prevent flood. Next, Mangrove trees help to hold sediments along riverbanks to safeguard coastline erosion and reduce pollution to coral reefs and marine life and also provide breeding and nursery grounds. They had planted 100 mangrove saplings (appendix 7). Other than Sports Toto, Berjaya Hotel & Resorts conducted a project of three  day Tioman Island Clean-Up Day with over 100 participants including staff, media and children from Sekolah Kebangsaan Tekek, Tioman. This activity can educate people about the importance of coral reefs to the ecosystems. There are a total of 121 reef-destroying Crown of Thorns were removed during the dive clean-up (appendix 8). They also clean up the beach with given handheld plastic bags. The result of cleaning up the beach is 15 bags of discarded plastic litters, paper wastes, beverage cans and bottles that weighing over 300kg. 2.4 Sports Toto In Malaysia, gambling is illegal as Malaysia is a Muslim country and majority of the population is Muslim. However, Berjaya Corporation Berhad insists of starting up the gambling business to the country and it is known as Sports Toto. Sports Toto Malaysia was incorporated by Malaysia Government in 1969. Then it is privatized in 1985. Today, Sports Toto is owned subsidiary of Berjaya Sports Toto Berhad and listed on the main market of Bursa Malaysia. Sports Toto is a zero sum game that accumulates the money and distributes to the winners and at the same time, gain profit from it. When people are winning the game, there will always a lot of losers. There are losers more than winners. 2.5 Conflict of the Board As we know, the current chairman and Chief Executive Officer (â€Å"CEO†) of Berjaya Corporation is Dato’ Robin Tan Yeong Ching, the eldest son of Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun. Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun was the previous chairman and CEO of Berjaya Corporation and now he is the major shareholder of Berjaya Corporation. Dato’ Robin Tan Yeong Ching was later appointed as the Chief Executive Officer (â€Å"CEO†) of the Company on 1 January 2011 and subsequently as the Chairman/CEO of the Company on 23 February 2012. CEO and Chairman shouldn’t be the same person because this will be conflict. 3.0 Rank about the company 3.1 Employees Employee is the most concern for Berjaya Corporate Berhad because employees are company’s best asset. As Boudreau and Ramstad (2007) present: â€Å"Whether it is called â€Å"people,† â€Å"labor,†Ã¢â‚¬Å"intellectual capital,† â€Å"human capital,† â€Å"human resources,† â€Å"talent,† or some other term, there source that lies within employees and how they are organized is increasingly recognized as critical to strategic success and competitive advantage. Without employees, Berjaya Corporate could not be success like today. Berjaya Corporation Berhad is the Top 30 Best Companies to work in Malaysia and today Berjaya Corporation Berhad has a total of 17,000 employees strength. Berjaya Corporation has various industries such as food and beverage, automotive, hotel and resorts and more. Hence, employee takes an important role in the company as they are backbone of the company and they are the one who services the customers. Therefore, company need to treat their employee nicely as the way you treat your employees is the way they will treat your customers (Branson, 2014). According to the Maslow Hierarchy Needs (Abraham Maslow, 1943), there are five categories of human needs such as basic needs, safety needs, belonging needs, esteem and self-actualization needs. These five needs separated to high and low categories. However, company should try to fulfill the low needs for their employee. Although is not a company’s responsible to fulfill all the employees needs, employees will become loyalty to the company once the company can fulfill their needs. Employees who The hierarchy of needs theory is relevant to this study as the theory is applicable to organizational orientation and employee motivation (Greenberg & Baron, 2003). First of all, employees work to fulfill their basic needs in their life. They will only work for company when there are reasonable salary amount for them. Thus, Berjaya Corporation will give their employee bonus, incentive and even lucky draw during Berjaya Founder’s Day. Next, safety needs is a very important need towards the employees especially  for some job that will take risk. Berjaya Corporation had always conduct healthy talk or body check to their employees, so they know how to take care their body. Other than that, belonging needs is very important to an employee. Employee who feels they belong to the company, they usually will put a great deal of effort into their daily tasks. 3.2 Community Community is the second concern of Berjaya Corporation, they have planned many charity events and donations towards the community. Every year, they will have an event called as Berjaya Founder’s Day. Berjaya Founder’s Day is an annual affair dedicated to give back to society. This day, they will rise up a fund from the efforts of staff and sponsor form banker, suppliers and friends of Berjaya. The first Berjaya Founder’s Day was conducted on 26 February 2011 and get RM6.6 million donations for 30 beneficiaries. Next, the second Berjaya Founder’s Day get a total amount of RM11.6 million for 61 charitable organizations. The third Berjaya Founder’s Day on 23 February 2013 contributed RM20.2 million to 74 charitable organizations, while the latest Berjaya Founder’s Day on 22 February 2014 has collected RM25.6 million to 90 charitable organizations. From above, we can see that every year of the amount and number of charitable organization are increasing. This shows that nowadays society a lot of people need help from a big company like Berjaya Corporation come out to support them. These charitable organizations include those that support community, education, heath causes, international humanitarian aid, local performing arts as well as environmental awareness and animal causes. According to instrumental theories from Garriga and Mele’s (2004), Berjaya Corporation is focusing on achieving economic objectives through social activities. Through social activities, this can maximize shareholders’ value and is a strategy for competitive advantage. Times have changed. There are more than 8,000 companies around the world use corporation social responsibility in their business. Because corporate social responsible is a way for companies to benefit them while also  benefitting the society. It is a win-win situation. According to a data released by Net Impact, the nonprofit that aims to help businesses promote sustainability, 65% of MBAs surveyed say they want to make a social or environmental difference through their jobs (Knowledge@Wharton, 2014). When a big company can give back to the community, it will be the most inspiring parts of corporate life. It shows that the company takes care of the society and it is an ethical company. This helps company to get good reputation from the society. 3.3 Environment Environment is the third concern of Berjaya Corporation. Berjaya Corporation is a diversified company that will initially influence the environment from their projects. When they are starting up a factory in a rural area, Berjaya Corporation will have to go through the process of deforestation. Cutting off the trees will definitely given a negative impact to the environment such as landslide due to the destroyed on the existing mechanical root structure in the area. However, as an ethical business, Berjaya Corporation will take up the responsibility to improve the environment by organizing an awareness event. For instance, mangrove trees planting for environmental conservation were held on 19 April 2011 with the group of Toto Sports volunteer in Kuala Selangor. Total of 100 mangrove trees are planted. The resource of our planet is limited and unsustainability is stated in the theory of Environmental Ethics (Paul W. Taylor, 1986). Moreover, Berjaya Corporation has also incorporated â€Å"Go Green† program in their business to avoid wastage and spread the awareness towards their customer. For example, use green products for take away food and beverage such as Starbucks Reusable Tumbler and Kenny Rogers Roasters I-Care Box. This shows how Berjaya Corporation cares about the environment. In addition, Berjaya Corporation chooses to cooperate with local suppliers to use less paper work and also give business to them. In addition, Berjaya Corporation ships their products by sea rather than airfeirght. 3.4 Sports Toto Sports Toto is a subsidiaries company of Berjaya Corporation. Sports Toto is very popular among Malaysian and it is the largest number of forecast operator in Malaysia as it has more than 670 outlets in Malaysia. Over the years, Sports Toto has been made many corporate social responsible such as charity, community sports, education and cultural promotion. It is a responsible corporate citizen but also a unhealthy games for Malaysia especially Malaysia is a Muslim country. It is unfair when only the Chinese and Indian can buy Toto tickets while the Malay is not allow to purchase. Malaysian called it â€Å"buy a hope† when they place their bets. Therefore, everyday there are a lot of Malaysian spend money on buying toto tickets. Some of them even use their money like water to purchase to try to win the grand prize. But Sports Toto is the only one that â€Å"winning big†. However, people with little money are always attracted to buy because it gives them the feeling of winning and the amount of the prizes is too great for them. In summary, gaming industry is harmful for individuals and society. However, it is the greatest happiness for the greatest number, stated by the utilitarianism theory of Jeremy Bentham (1987) . Jeremy Bentham said that it does not matter on the action but the result. If the result happens to be good and not harmful to others, it is consider as ethical. Therefore, the Sports TOTO game do helps on certain people on their financial issue. Sports TOTO creates hope for people to continue survive without financial difficulties. 3.5 Conflict of the Board In Berjaya Corporation, the CEO and Chairman seat is taken by the same person who is Dato’ Robin Tan. It is unethical to do so because it shows no fairness towards the employee. This is egoism ethical because they only hand over the position towards to their family instead outsiders. Chairman and CEO have different roles in the company, if this two roles combined together will creates an inherent conflict of interest. The Chairman of the Board of a company is the chief representative of the shareholders. The CEO of the company is the leader of the managers. The job of the chairman is to look after the shareholders. His main job is to fire the incompetent managers that are not qualified or control ones that overreach. Chairman should also look for workers that are potential enough to help company earn profit. While the CEO’s job is to manage, report to the board that set the policies and priorities based on the shareholders’ wished and needs such as higher income, high reward policy or bonus. Besides that, he should look out for the interests, salary or extra allowance of managers. If chairman was the same person, he will basically reporting to himself. This shows that Chairman and CEO had two different and conflicting roles. Where this might bring conflict of interest arises. 4.0 Recommendation Berjaya Corporation Berhad should encourage more green activities instead of replanting the trees or cleaning the beach. They should conduct green activities in all of his company and Subsidiaries Company together as this will be effective towards the society. They can also gather different ideas and save up unnecessary costs. It can also bring a good image to their employees or other company will follow their steps. Besides that, Sports Toto should stop convince consumers that buying toto tickets is a good habit through advertisement, this may lead people to spend a lot of money on toto tickets and end up becoming poor. Next, Berjaya Corporation should allow every employees to attend the health talk, not only the small amount because this may causes employee feel unfair and do not feel they belong to the company. Lastly, Berjaya Corporation should get two people to in charge position of CEO and also chairman as this two positions will have conflict if taken by the same person. 5.0 Conclusion Berjaya Corporation Berhad is very good in their CSR which makes them different from other company. CSR can also bring benefits in terms of risk management to company such as cost savings, access to capital, customer relationships, human resource management, and innovation capacity. CSR can also make company outstanding compare to company that did not do CSR. According to the European Commission, company with more responsible business can foster more growth. Hence, CSR is very important for a company especially public listed company like Berjaya Corporation. However, Berjaya Corporation not to only focus on CSR but also take care of their primary stakeholders such as shareholder and customer by fulfill their needs and wants. 6.0 Reference Bentham, J. (1987). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. In J. S. Mill and J. Bentham, Utilitarianism and Other Essays,Harmandsworth: Penguin. Berjaya.com, (2014). Berjaya Corporation Berhad. [online] Available at: http://www.berjaya.com/corporate-profile.html [Accessed 29 Nov. 2014]. BOUDREAU, J. W. – RAMSTAD, P. M.: Beyond HR. Boston. Harvard Business School Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4221-0415-6 Branson, R. (2014). The way you treat your employees†¦ – Virgin.com. [online] Virgin.com. Available at: http://www.virgin.com/richard-branson/the-way-you-treat-your-employees [Accessed 28 Nov. 2014]. Fisher, J. (2004) Social Responsibility and Ethics: Clarifying the Concepts, Journal of Business Ethics 52: 391-400. Greenberg, J., and Baron, R. A.( 2003). Behavior in Organizations: Understanding and Managing the Human Side of Work.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Knowledge@Wharton, (2014). From Fringe to Mainstream: Companies Integrate CSR Initiatives into Everyday Business – Knowledge@Wharton. [online] Available at: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/from-fringe-to-mainstream-companies-integrate-csr-initiatives-into-everyday-business/ [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality: NY: Harper Taylor, Paul W. (2010). â€Å"Egalitarian Biocentrism†. In Keller, David R. Environmental Ethics: The Big Questions. John Wiley & Sons. 7.0 Appendix Appendix 1: Berjaya Corporate Structure Appendix 2: Animal Mobile Clinic Appendix 3: New home for homeless cat Appendix 4: Free prosthetic limbs to poor Appendix 5: Donate 10 units of dialysis machines to the National Kidney Foundation of Malaysia Appendix 6: Health talk to employees Appendix 7: Sports Toto volunteers plant mangrove trees Appendix 8: Tioman Island Clean-Up Day

Explanation of Human Behavior Essay

The history of evolutionary psychology began with Charles Darwin, who proposed that humans have social instincts that evolved by natural selection. Darwin’s work inspired later psychologists such as William James and Sigmund Freud but for most of the 20th century psychologists focused more on behaviorism and proximate explanations for human behavior. As school psychology transitions into an outcome-oriented profession, we continue to evolve new ways to bring science into applied practice in schools. This evolution is critical to the continued importance and viability of school psychology in U.S. schools. In the years since the inception of school psychology, many applications of science in practice have occurred, each with increased effectiveness. We stand at the threshold of the next iteration in that direction. ( Best Practices in School Psychology V) Psychological each perspective has its strengths and weaknesses, and brings something different to our understanding of human behavior. For this reasons, it is important that psychology does have different perspectives to the understanding and study of human and animal behavior. Genetic potential theoretical optimum performance capability an individual could achieve in a specific activity after an ideal upbringing, nutrition and training. In real terms it may be assumed that the finalists in a world championship are among the human beings whose performance comes closest to their genetic potential. Environmental influences sometimes it depends on the environment we grow up in are known to affect traits like our height and weight and out IQ, and our chances of developing a behavioral problems. The roots of all behavior and cognitive are to found in both our biology, due to genetic inheritance, and in experience, due to are environment.  So it involves nature and nurture. Personal choice is on the other side, nurture. The idea that people are products of their environments, and environment/socialization is a big factor in making people who they are, the messages they absorb, the behaviors they are compelled to imitate, which presumes all manner of social constructs that don’t exist in real life yet are assumed to exist in the same way/same forms because of the general outcome (for instance, the myth of â€Å"shared girlhood† and the idea that all small humans absorb socialization  of one form or another in the same way as everyone else as these passive receivers of external things that most of them may not even understand.) The ability to choose is what makes humans human. We can even alter the evolution of our own species, consciously, via free will and choice. Humans can make themselves whatever they choose to, because they chose to. References: http://www.nasponline.org/publications/booksproducts/ Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Political science - Essay Example As Hoffman and William say. A further reason why the Middle East is becoming more important is high oil prices. Although oil prices are far below their 2008 peak of US$147/bbl, they are expected to remain high due to rising demand from China, India, and other emerging markets. Despite efforts by international oil companies to tap into new sources, such as the Caspian Sea, West Africa, and Brazil’s offshore deposits, and despite moves to develop alternative energy sources, oil is likely to remain paramount. Meanwhile, the windfall of high oil prices should continue to boost investment in the Middle East, making it an important economic region. Apart from Israel, Lebanon and Turkey, no Middle Eastern state has an entirely democratic political system. Iran has competitive elections, but ultimate power rests with the ruling clerics. The other countries are all absolute monarchies or led by authoritarian presidents, although there are varying degrees of parliamentary representation. As a result, most leaders have questionable legitimacy. Opposition groups tend to be suppressed, and governments maintain powerful security services to keep their populations in line. This system of government has fostered patronage and corruption, in turn adding to public dissatisfaction. Arguably, the biggest question for the Middle East is whether it can continue to be an exception to the spread of democracy worldwide or whether democracy will eventually take hold. As per Wunderle openion. Over the coming decade, we expect several Middle Eastern states – notably Egypt and Saudi Arabia – to face succession issues, as incumbent heads of state pass from the scene. In Egypt, the outlook is highly uncertain, amid signs that President Hosni Mubarak is grooming his son Gamal to succeed him and opposition to this. In Saudi Arabia, the succession procedure is clearer cut, but a power

FINANCIAL MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

FINANCIAL MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY - Essay Example Other research has offered a concrete evidence favoring instability in the yield curve of the United States. The evidence is referenced with a rising theory on the side of macroeconomic where the inflation dynamic and real activity was characterized by significant period variation in various industrialized economies. The function of this paper double folds. First, the paper assesses the extent of period variation in the changes of some yield curve and macroeconomic variables. Secondly, the paper investigates if the term structure analysis can shed new dimensions of the performance of UK macroeconomic of the last five years. It is emphasized that various present studies have analyzed the UK macro economy dynamics and its term structure in situ. There is also a systematic investigation on the evolution of the connection between the yield curve and the economy over time. The paper specifies the relationship between finance and macro like in Nelson-Siegel model UK yield curve from 2008-2 012 Financial Instrument for the Yield Curves Gilt-edged securities Normal gilt is a sure way by the nation to make payments of the guilt. A fixed cash payment is made semi-annually until a maturity date is attained. At maturity, the holder receives the terminal coupon and the principal. The index-linked gilt is generated to protect the investment value (Mishkin, 2012). General Collateral sale and repurchase agreement The transactions of selling and repurchasing involve the temporal exchange of gilt and cash between partners; gilts are used as collaterals. The fund ‘slender will hold gilt as collateral, so is safeguarded when the borrower defaults. The repo of the General Collateral is the rated for repurchasing agreement where gilt may be utilized as collateral. Therefore, the General collateral was closer to the risk-free rates. The contracts of Repo are traded actively for maturities annually. The rates prevailing on the Repo contracts are equal to the yields of the convent ional gilts maturity (Ritter , Silber, Udell ", 2009). Interbank loans An interbank loan is a loan where the lender receives a certain agreed sum at call. The loan was not tradable. The offer rate was the interest rate the bank was willing to lend cash to financial institutions. The offer rate was calculated by mean of the medium offer rates that was collected at 11 am from 16 financial institutions. Short sterling future A short sterling contract was the future contract of sterling interest rate that settled on the LIBOR rate that prevailed on the delivery date of the contract. The contracts were traded and standardized between the Options Exchange and London International Financial Future members. Forward rate agreement This is the Over the Counter contract where the counter parties decide to exchange the difference in the LIBOR rate and agreed interest rate. We calculated the payment against the principal. The instrument allowed organizations to be held in future lending rate s and interbank borrowing. Unlike the future contracts, the instrument was a bilateral agreement having no secondary market (Madura ", 2008). Swaps This is where the two counterparts decide to exchange the payments of interest rates for payments of floating interest rates, based on the notional principal at the beginning of successive periods. The instrument was equal to a

Networking 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Networking 2 - Essay Example A deeper comparison is as shown in the table below. The radio infrastructure will require 4 satellites which will be established at four points whereby one will be in the line of sight of the next satellite.This infrastructure will use Hertzian Insurgency frequency since the normal FM frequency is not applicable over satellites. The orbits for the satellites should be contradictory to that of the moon so as to defy the interference that the moon causes to them as a result of the lunar gravitational pull. A signal in a connection is like water in a river only that the destination of the signal is defined. In addition to the message carried by the signal, there isalso the destination address and the origin address. The signal is broken down into smaller segments called data packets and these packets are allocated numbers according to the segment of the signal in which they belong. For example the first segment will be allocated the first number and the last segment will be allocated the last number. These packets use different pathways in the network specifically the shortest route to the destination and when they all get to the destination they are assembled according to the segment number hence making the original signal. The network selected employsthe use of twisted pair cables. This network’s structure has an additional device that is the hub. The network uses a topology called the star topology whereby all the components are connected to the hub. This includes the gateway which refers to the computer connected to the internet which provides connection to all the other computers. The hub acts as the central switching device that controls how the messages and signals are relayed within the network. It is also the location whereby signals are kept whenever a transmission medium (cable) is in use since two signals cannot be transmitted over the same cable. Another alternative device that can be used in place of the hub is the switch (also

Urban Renewal in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Urban Renewal in Canada - Essay Example This contributed to the establishment of the reform agenda which was considered best and suitable for the moral and economic aspect of Canada. Canada had notice that the urban renewal program which had been implemented in USA had emerged to benefit the residents of various towns significantly. Among the major towns in Canada where this program was notably implemented is the Distillery District in Toronto2. Generally, urban renewal in Canada involved removal of irrelevant structures, relocation of business centers and the government intervention of purchasing property for public planning and urban renewal. This government intervention in Canada as way of implementing urban renewal involved the purchase of private property for the purpose of city-initiated development projects. This exercise went further into the rural context of Canada carried out in rural areas commonly referred to as renewal of the village. The major reason that prompted Canada into considering urban renewal was to ease both human and building congestions and to ensure that major town and cities received expressways and freeways. There was a consideration that Canadian authorities viewed urban renewal program as being an economic fosterer as well as mechanism of reform. With the adoption of the underlying urban renewal program there emerged a trend in Canada. This emerging trend was that urban renewal in Canada became a policy in which houses and residential neighborhood were affected by urban renewal program. The policy provided revitalization of the central business district as well as the gentrification of the underlying residential neighborhood. This urban renewal was characterized with more renovation, less destruction and a significant government investment. In today’s Cana da, these policies have been integrated into the local government and it is mainly attributed to both big and large business incentives. Urban

Describe the major topographic features of the ocean basin floor Research Paper

Describe the major topographic features of the ocean basin floor - Research Paper Example it is these basins that are of most interest when studying the topology of the ocean floor, as they differ greatly from the features of the surrounding landmasses (Garrison, Oceanography). This essay will briefly discuss several types of the features of the deep ocean basins and some of their implications for the science and study of oceanography. These features are primarily related to various effects of tectonic plate shifting. A significant portion of the ocean floor is categorized as the abyssal plain, which are large and mostly flat areas, covered in oceanic sediment (Garrison, Oceanography). In fact, the abyssal plain covers the largest proportion of the Earth's surface, more than any other known geographical feature (Garrison, Essentials of oceanography). The abyssal plain is the portion of the seabed found at the bottom of the ocean basins, in the absence of other features or tectonic activity. They may sometimes contain areas of abyssal hills, which are formed through low-le vel volcanic activity (Karleskint). The seafloor has numerous geological structures that rise up out of this abyssal plain, most of which are also volcanic in nature. One of these is seamounts, which are volcanic protrusions from the ocean bed taller than 100 meters from base to summit (Wessel, Sandwell, & Kim). These make up approximately 5% of the known area of the ocean floor (Yesson et al.). Seamounts can be active or extinct, and play a myriad of roles in the ocean ecosystem and the flow of surrounding water (Wessel, Sandwell, & Kim). Another are knolls, which are similar to seamounts in origin, but are smaller and do not have such a large effect on the surrounding ocean. These make up approximately 16% of the ocean floor habitat. Tens of thousands of such seamounts and knolls exist on the ocean floor, many of them still unmapped or even undiscovered; the ones that are known are biased towards areas with heavier ship activity and so such proportions may be considerably differen t from the actual makeup of the rest of the ocean basin (Yesson et al.). Larger volcanic structures may even be exposed above the surface of the ocean water, and result in chains of volcanic islands (Garrison, Oceanography). These chains, and many other volcanic bathygraphic features, are generally found along the boundaries of the tectonic plates making up the Earth's crust. Island chains may also be found along the borders of deep ocean trenches, another feature of the seabed. This type of island chain is referred to as an island arc (Karleskint). Rugged oceanic ridges are another feature of the deep ocean floor, appearing in areas where the ocean floor is spreading due to a divergent plate boundary. The area where the highest volcanic activity is found is called the rift valley, and the locations where new ocean floor is being formed due to such activity are referred to as the rift zones. These rift areas are often home to vibrant communities of deep-sea ocean life, unlike the ec osystem seen on the relatively lifeless abyssal plain (Karleskint). These communities exist as a result of the hydrothermal vents, or springs of hot water, produced by these zones (Garrison, Essentials of oceanography). Ocean ridges are also usually accompanied by fracture zones, which run perpendicular to the direction of the ridges. (Karleskint). The

Discussions Replies Education Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussions Replies Education - Coursework Example Defend your choice. 1. Posted: by:  Margarett    Both art and culture have been the significant parts of earlier centuries. If we explore the association between arts and culture that existed in the 20th  century, we come to know that there had been a close connection between them. For example, artists of the 20th  century represented the overall culture of that century through their artworks. 20th  century is known as the beginning of today’s era of modernism. The artists of the 20th  century greatly revealed the elements of modernism, expressionism, and abstractions in their artworks. Moreover, the artists of the late 20thcentury also revealed through their artworks the need for change and peace that people wanted after the two big events of war that occurred in the first half of the century. In my view, the artist who best represented the social and cultural trends of his time period through his artworks was Pablo Picasso. He was a Spanish painter and sculptor w ho reinvented the foundations of art in the 20th  century through including the shadow of ongoing movements and overall environment in his artworks. My Response: Taking it a step further, it seems to me that the artists of the early 20th century were increasingly aware of the progression of art. What I mean is, the artists, although sometimes separated by continents appeared to be more aware and cognizant of what other artists were working on, what inspired them, the evolution of art during this time took much more rapid steps than say art a hundred years before. Obviously the industrial age and the beginning of the technological revolution had something to do with that – but one can’t help but wonder if art and culture were not even more closely connected with the artists of the 20th century than it had ever been before. 2. Posted by:  Andrea    Picasso is a great example. His art is so very different than the art of his predecessors.   In a sense, artists lik e him were taking big risks, departing from the norm! Class, what do you think it was that gave people the impetus to begin taking bigger risks in terms of art and music during this time?   My Response: Andrea, good point - Picasso definitely departed from the norm! However, art in the early 20th century was all about deviating from the norm and creating new ways of expression. Whereas art in past centuries had been more about gradually adopting new styles and mimicking the masters, art of the 20th century evolved at such a rapid and break neck pace that artists seemed to be doing all possible to express their own tastes and differentiate themselves. This collective attitude is what proved 20th century art to be so diverse and varied in such a short time scale. 3. Posted: by:  Dawna The other century ushered a new way of thinking into the art world.   With the world still recovering from the  atrocities of WWI, many artists reflected this in their style.   A new form of ar t was starting, the ism movement.   Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, and German Expressionism.   Pablo Picasso of course, was a huge figure in this movement, with his extreme style and use of colors.   Many people that were used to more traditional art found his style and type of art disturbing and confusing.   I feel the one artist that encapsulates the time though would have to be Ernest Hemingway.   His point of view writing styles of WWI and help express the feelings after the war and the feeling of loss that many felt.

Why College is important to Me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why College is important to Me - Essay Example College is important to me as it will tell me who I really am and what I can do towards changing the world dynamics. I will study the different subjects and thus choose a career pathway for my own self, in light of the subject areas that I will study at college. I will thus gain hands on experience of what I will be doing in the future – which will eventually be my profession at the end of the day. The college will be significant to me as it will tell me how to exchange ideas and viewpoints with people, how to interact with them and will also tell me the exact way under which I need to conduct my own self at the best of times. It will give me the much needed exposure that I need in order to move about freely in this world. Thus college is important to me as it will give me the insight and knowledge that I desire for and the truth which is hidden from me, when it comes to knowing all about the world in

Unauthorized Sale Of Starbucks In Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unauthorized Sale Of Starbucks In Japan - Essay Example Previous record of the company indicates that, 'a customer would buy at any given time was 66 cases and majority of the buyers would only buy 1 to 11 cases to an order' (Black Market Sale). Black Market has been real issue for the brands of international standards and repute. IN the case of Star Bucks, the brand although is not considered to be brand of international repute, however the product of the company has been black marketed, it was reported to the company's scheduler through an email that the product of the company were being sold unofficially in Japan, the informer was official of brand protection for Beam Global, the function of the protection company was to keep an eye on the sales of different products in the international market, and in case of any malpractice, the practice was reported to the company authority. Star Bucks was although selling its brand to different countries, but it was surprisingly to observe that the products of company was being sold in Japan, a country where the company never distributed its product. It was reported to the company's official that, different products of the company including Starbuck Coffee and Cream Liqueur that were being produced in company's private industrial unit in Frankfurt, were being sold in Japan illegally. The company has previously no direct contact with any of the distributor in Japan, and the company was not authorized to sell or market their product in Japan, it was therefore complete interference in the company's production and distribution department, and it was doubted that the company's personal authority and black marketer must have purported the plan and execution of this illegal practice. The company official had the task to revamp the case and locate the responsible official or means involved in this malpractice. The case of the company was personally handled by the scheduler. COURSE OF ACTION After the intimidation of the corrupt practices with reference to the distribution on the product in the unauthorized region, the scheduler ceased the production facility of those particular brands on immediate notice. The scheduler took the Plant Manager and the Manager Operations into confidence prior to taking any such step, and all steps were taken after taking both the controlling authorities into confidence. The company officials stopped all production facilities, and instructed the employees not to involve or associate themselves into any production related activity for short period of time. The company officials decided to review the previous shipment lists for the particular interval, during which the email was sent. The employees were requested to involve themselves into gathering and maintaining the lists of all the shipments that have been made by the company to their local and international customers. The company officials wanted to apply this method so as to trace whether shipment to Japan has been made on record or not. EVALUATION OF THE COURSE OF ACTION

The Effects of Addicting to Cyber Social Networks Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Addicting to Cyber Social Networks Essay The Effects of Addicting to Cyber Social Networks Social network is an addictive thing nowadays. I believe that everyone, start from teenagers up to old people addict to cyber social networks. Almost every single breathe, they update their twit, their statues, etc. If we cannot control ourselves to use this social network in the good way, it will not take a long time for us to get the bad impacts. There are so many bad impacts of addicting social networks. First of all, we will next to our far away people we usually connected to, but we will be far with the people around us. How come? Many people always keep contact to their friends in cyber world by social networking, so they often don’t care with the people around them. That condition absolutely makes others feel uncomfort to talk with that person. So, don’t be surprised if those real friends will stay away from that person. Actually it’s good to keep contact with people who far away with us. However, real friends are more important than cyber friends. Why? Because if we have a problem, real friends will help us directly than cyber friends. So the main point here, we have to priority our real friends first, then our cyber friends. The second is our main activity will be annoyed because of addicting to social networks. I am sure that we often meet someone who cannot live faraway from their gadget just to update his social networks. Don’t you ever think that this habit actually is annoyed his main activity? For example, there is a student in a class. All of us know that his main activity should be related with studying. However, if he is too busy with his social networks, how about his study? I believe that he will not be able to focus on his study because every single breathe he updates his social networks as I said before. That habit will also influence his score, how come? Because if we cannot focus on what we do, of course we will not be able to do it well. We will not be able to give our best on it. The last but not least, addicting to social networks will give bad impact for our body. As we know that if we addict to something, in this case social networks, we will not be able to be separated with our gadgets. Whenever and wherever we go, those gadgets will stick with our hand, and absolutely it’s dangerous for us. Medical research has found that two mobile phones which are calling to each other for some hours can make an egg cooked. From that news, I think we should know how dangerous the radiation of this gadget is. Besides the radiation, too much doing this activity will make us feel lazy to move, we will sit all day long. Sitting for a long time is also not good for our body, we have to do exercise at least 15 minutes per day regularly. As you know, it is really dangerous for us if we cannot use cyber social networks in a good way. Being far away with people around us, annoying our main activity and also causing harm for our health is just some examples of this bad habit. In my opinion, technology is good for us, but we have to use it in a good way too, so we can get the advantages. Sonia Dwi Cahyanti 110221414604/AA

The Sri Lanka Tourism Tourism Essay

The Sri Lanka Tourism Tourism Essay Sri Lanka tourism has been under a purple patch of nearly three decade of ethnic war is seen a new dawn of growth for future. With the introduction of new tourists hot spots in the island, many foreign travellers around the world have shown great interests that there are many more things to discover in this tiny island of the Indian Ocean. Government figures show that there is a considerable increase in tourist arrivals since the war had ended 2009 May, it has created more job opportunities and foreign income for government in many aspects. Government strong commitment role was mentioned in this research where creating more opportunities with hidden attractions of north and east to attract tourists. Utilisation of technological advancement to attract new markets in Europe by publishing website in their mother languages and governments open sky policies can be taken as strong points in this research where Sri Lanka tourism have to develop on weakness such as infrastructure, literacy a nd environmental issues to become a successful tourist destination after its anticipate with fear was ended for a new sun shine in Sri Lankan tourism with its nature that could last more years in global tourism sector. Introduction Sri Lanka is one of the most beautiful countries in the world. It is a country that offers great variety of attractive that unique to its own. Land filed with range of geographical features including variety of rivers and waterfalls making a magnificent atmosphere. Sri Lanka is blessed by its wonderful sandy coast line that runs all around the island. Result from recent survey (Sri Lanka,n.d.), showed that Sri Lankan information There are so many records of ancient travellers came to visit the country. Study by Hien (414A.D cited Mithtapala, 2009), showed thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ who travelled in Sri Lanka in the century he defined country as, this country is an oasis, prosperous and happy: its People are well-to-do: They all have received the faith and find their amusement in religious music. With holds trueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Study by Mark Twain (1890 cited Mithtapala 2009) showed thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, Dear me; it is beautiful, which holds trueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Describes the how it was defined in the eyes of the visitors. It indicates our peoples attitude who they never hesitate to bring host in to their home and treat with warm welcome. Miththapala, S, (2009) describe Refocusing from terrorism to tourismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Unfortunately this warm welcome paradise devastated from brutal conflict. We lost our reputable tourists who love our country a lot. More than two decade conflict was over in May 2009 and bring new hopes to develop our nation with tourism industry which country depends on most. In this research report I would be like to investigate what possibilities to improve our industry under political, economical, technological and social foundation and effects of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in our tourism industry Methodology According to my topic which I had investigated Sri Lankan tourism industry have shown tremendous growth with in less than a year after the end of ethnic issue. Because the country and economy was suffered lot from this brutal war, I examined in depth that development in tourism sector using accurate tools such as P E S T and SWOT analysis which gathered valuable information from secondary and primary data for planning proposals and implementation for development projects. For secondary data, basically I used journals, magazines, reports and articles. Consideration of primary data is difficult to obtain since I lived away from Sri Lanka. But I made an effort to speak to member of the tourism board in United Kingdom to get some valuable information about latest developments in tourism industry. Overview of Sri Lankan tourism industry Sri Lankan tourism industry had a rollercoaster ride after the outbreak of civil war in 1983 with ups and downs. Contribution of tourism sector for the Gross domestic product (GDP) and foreign exchange earnings of Sri Lanka are 1-2% and 2-5% respectively in recent past. Even it doesnt provide much direct employment, the contribution to the GDP is high reflecting that employees have a higher productivity than the average Sri Lankan worker. With the liberation of North and east, a number of tourist attractions were originate in that area. Mainly the beaches in the east coast were more popular than the west and south coasts in early 70s. But the lack of facilities is dominant and even the few existing facilities are long overdue for renovations. In the recovery path, Sri Lanka has to deal with the long lasted negative image of worse security situation. In the dawn of peace and prosperity by ending the civil war with the recovery of the Global financial crisis Sri Lanka can expect a better position with more arrivals and investments. It would be better to bring in to attention the areas that need to be utilised to attract more tourist which is the north and northeast areas of the country that consists untouched beaches and natural beauties runs from Nilaveli beaches in trincomalee to kumana wilpaththu national in south east. The trends of the Sri Lankan have shaped up during the last 3 decades from European tourist to south East Asian tourist. Therefore the Sri Lankan tourism market has diversified that looms more opportunity with the end of the ethnic conflict. Howkins et al., (2009,) describe the Sri Lankan tourism authority responsibilities How did the 26 years of war have derailed the growth of Sri Lankan tourism? Sri Lanka had long standing civil war that lasted for more than 26 years that had many effects on tourism and the economy as a whole. According to Reuters report Liberation Tamil tiger of Eelam (L. T. T .E) wanted to damage $32 billion worth Sri Lankan economy. it defensive poor war tactics, strategies and logistic have dragged the economy deeper in to trouble. In 2001 LT.T.E attacked to the international air port at katunayaka which created tremendous blow for the economy. Result from recent study (Tamil guardian, 2009) showed that destructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Terrorist attack in the Yala National Park leads to huge crises for tourism in southern region of the country. Until that time the southern region is a much safer place to travel in the country and this attack alarmed that the LTTE is in a very strong position to create any attack else where in the country. That implication was a tremendous drawback for the tourism industry in the southern region. In addition, the bad press releases are another problem for the suffering economy. Several countries including united state of America (USA) declared travel warnings and bans for their citizens not travel to Sri Lanka due to war situation, and mainly after the heavy attacked in Yala wild life park. In a recent study (Rebel air base attack is to cripple Sri Lanka tourism.2007) showed that how international image was weakened.. Because of the war situation, in the North and east regions none of the infrastructure projects commenced, which impacted very negatively for the local economy and socially. In recent study (Gouby.M,2007),describe the international monetaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It can be mentioned, a good example that in the beginning of 1983 passikadha project stop due to LTTE activities and it is a massive development project located on land 150 acres that targeted local and foreign tourists. Result from recent survey (passikadu plan, n.d.) Showed that project develop Number of development projects were ignored which were planned to start on cease fire durations, after reigniting of the war. Another huge effect due to conflict was consumer prices grew 11% and inflation played depreciation for the local currency. Result from survey (Asian development outlook, 2002) showed that developing south Asiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ However in 2002 new born cease-fire agreement enhance unexpected growth in tourism and other sectors in the country. Small miracle expected due to confidential growth rates by 5% in 2003 that did not last long. Result from the recent survey (Sri lanka economy, n.d.), showed that economy of Sri Lankaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Pest analysis 1. Political a) Sri Lankan government objectives on development of the tourism industry are Development of tourism to be a local and internationally as a new destination. Provide setting targets for tourism bureau to develop the industry. Provide information about inclusive and efficient tourist service for industry. Provide guidelines to development and maintain standard for license tourist establishments. Improve confident private sector participation, promotional and training activities for development in tourism. Government identify and develop niche tourism product. (Interview by Sanjika Perera) Implement zonel planning and infrastructure development as resorts. For example regions are Arugambe (east region), hambantota and kalpitiya and going to add Trincomolee and Pasikadu. In recently study (Srimane, 2010) political stability pays dividendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Due to the peace process, the tourism demand is rapidly high in short term. But in long term it has to be more challenge for the government. b) Long term government challenges can be taken as follows; 1. East region would have to develop as a tourist destination and improve better tourism as much as possible. Therefore social life and other facilities is draw up to make their confident due to war. 2. Domestic air facilities has to improve and re schedule for their own necessity. Rail transportation has to expand and improve at least cover major cities to air port. 3. For investment approval procedures has to provide fast and accurate to encourage local and foreign investors. 4. Establish more advancement techniques to attain high skill people to industry through training and development concepts. Recent survey (miththapala, 2009), described the following as Refocusing to terrorism to tourismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ C) Government legislation for development in tourism sector Tourist hotel association of Sri Lanka was established in 1965. Association implement tremendous effort to develop Sri Lankan tourism. It keeps communication with ministers to make formulating development plan and policies. In recent study (Miththapala, 2009), Sri Lanka tourism quo vadisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ New tourism act no 38 was ruled in 2005 which brought new invention and development for the industry. It provides and encourages to private sector to involve to makes decisions and other promotion programmes with government support. This positive impact creates much feedback to tourism development in country. In recent study (Miththapala, 2009), Sri Lanka tourism quo vadisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In addition bilateral investment agreements secure of their investment by law. Major political parties made settlement not to obstruct any investment company or individual doing investment in the country. Basically agreement validate for ten years and then it will renewed another 10 year if investors happy to continue. In addition Sri Lanka is founder member of multilateral investment guarantee agency (MIGA) provide guarantee for expropriation and non commercial risks to invest people. There have been tremendous improvements of infrastructure facilities that can be taken best out in South Asia. Government have attracted the private sector investments such as BOO concept (build, operate and own) and BOT (built, operate and transfer).In recent study (Solid infrastructure, 2010), showed that investment opportunitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ d) Development in North and east areas to attract tourist to It able to identify several locations in conflict area can convert to most attractive destination domestic and international tourists. This can be required to consider proper planning and implementation of infrastructure investments. it has a huge issue to overcome in this region. Post conflict area can find planning infrastructure delays and it cause higher employment rate. Consequently it bring to people massing depress and confusion in post conflict region 1. Government seeking private sectors to get supportive role to development of framework maintain the standards, plan and working system, priority areas such as eastern, north central region. They get donor assistance from World Bank to implement under SITDA sustainable development projects. They have already got USD 300 million for infrastructure developments. In the post conflict area new projects design for lodging, restaurant and other facilities to attract international and domestic tourism. 2. Authority has to provide time-bound investment to regenerate employment and income earning opportunity to post conflict society. 3. Authority and private sector should have to expand and upgrade training program for youngsters. 4. Government has to avoid restriction on domestic civil aviation and encourage to private investment in air transportation. In addition authority has to examine locate domestic airport near to Traincomalee. Howkins et al., (2009,) describe the Sri Lankan tourism authority responsibilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ e) Implementation of government proposals to be environmental friendly tourist destination. Government establish appropriate methods to protect environmental issues. They hope to implement development plans for rural areas to preserve nature. Tourism authority being monitors their stranded and places the reschedule programme for negative issues if occur. Energy consumption programme would be another commitment to protect natural recourses and environment. This programme given knowledge to local society how it consecrate energy, water and waste in hotel environment. This is conducted by the ministry of tourism (MOT). Result from the recent survey (Responsibletourism Sri Lanka, 2009), showed that environmental conservational methodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2. Economical Factor Economic condition in Sri Lanka was much ahead of all the south East Asian countries except few like Japan and China in late 60s. But with the civil unrest leading to war in early 80s, it started to deteriorate in growth prospects in the years of 86-89. in addition to the war in northern part, whole country was in internal terrorism that had major influence on main income supports. In recent study (Bureau of south and central Asian affairs, 2009), showed that economy grower in ceasefire durationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ With the end of the war there are new hope and central bank Sri Lanka have pointed out interest rate reductions and showing significant growth despite the global economic downturns will attract more foreign investors, especially on tourism developments. in recent study (Bureau of south and central Asian affairs, 2009), showed that attract investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a) As a fact of ending of decades of war the new outlook of the Economy is paving the way to improved tourism industry. Economic contribution of the Liberated area 15% of the whole population is still living in the war affected area. The increase of economic contribution of those is immensely increasing leading to increased facilities for the tourism. Also World Bank Development Indicators 2000 shows that the Sri Lanka has the lowest labour cost per worker in manufacturing leading to cost effective labour force for the market. In recent study (Board of Invest of Sri Lanka, n.d.), showed that labour charges are lowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ International trends Tourism industry in Asian region has immensely increased in the past two decades and countries likes Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore is leading the way. However Sri Lanka showed a decrease in international arrival in the past decades due to the civil war. With the current situation in the country, it has a large potential for new arrivals in near future. In recent study (Miththapala, 2009), Sri Lanka tourism quo vadisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Business environment in the Country (for foreigners). Sri Lanka has a lucrative business environment for foreign investments. Foreign investments are guaranteed by the constitution and double taxation relieves are in place to attract foreign investors, tourism is an area that government is looking forward for foreign investors to build more world class hotels. Increased foreign direct investment, currently contributing only 2-3 % of the Gross domestic product (G.D.P) will lead to develop more facilities and infrastructure for the industry. In recent study (new department strategy., n.d), showed that frame work for economy growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 4. Improved related infrastructure. Sri Lanka has the potential of developing as the regional trading Hub for the south Asian region. 4.1 Colombo Port. Government is identifying opportunity to attract cruise lines to use Colombo, trincomalee and hambanthota as a stop point to tourists who want to discover the island on their voyagers. (Interview by SanJeka perera) 4.2 Busy International AirPort Most of the major airlines operated in this airport linking every part of the world, providing better services for tourist arrivals. It has shown the Passenger movement has increase of 29% for 95-2000 with the conglomeration of Emirates air lines and hence show the potential of higher growth and expansion. Result from recent study (Regional trading hub, n.d) showed that international air port progressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 3. Social factors influencing tourism development a). Human Resource Sri Lanka has the highest Human development index (HDI) in the south Asian region in par with East Asian countries proving improved health and education in the country. It has the highest literacy rate in south Asia 92%. In general HDI has direct relationship to GDP per capita for most of the countries. Sri Lanka has a drastic drop in GDP per capita income relative to HDI. As higher HDI reflects better Human resources, Sri Lanka has the potential to cater the job market with the boom of tourism without any trouble. Result from recent survey (human develop index-going beyond income, 2009), showed that how HDI important à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Also worlds Bank Development Indicators 2000 shows that the Sri Lanka has the lowest labour cost per worker in manufacturing leading to cost effective labour force for the market. Recent study (highly literate labour force, n.d.), showed that labour charges are lowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ b). English Language ability As Sri Lanka was once a British colony, it has a large population of English speaking community. But that has declined significantly since 1970s. But with the newly implemented educational reforms it recreates the emphasis on English language. At present Sri Lanka stand along with her regional counterparts in English language ability which has a large impact on tourism related regional facility development. Result from recent study Bureau of south and Central Asia affairs, 2009), showed that language ability work forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ c) Culture impact Modesty and decency is important in all situations cultural and religious influences have some effect on Sri Lankan tourism. Nudity and topless bathing are forbidden and law can be forced for mis-behaviours.When visiting religious place, visitors must cover their body sufficiently and should remove shoes before entering holy shrines .in addition visitors are not allowed to pose for photos with monks and Buddhist statues.Sri Lanka being a country that have preserved with 5000 years of Buddhist culture is restrained for social activities such as night clubs, casino and indecent social behaviour in areas where Buddhist pilgrims situation even near coastal areas, therefore there are constraints of selling alcohol and permission to build hotels with pleasure activities is a social factor affecting fulfilling all needs of the tourists. Result from recent survey (travel essentials, n.d.), showed culture restrictionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 4. Technology factor a) Use of internet technology as a main marketing tool SLTB uses its official website to promote Sri Lankan tourism in English, France, Netherlands and Italy version. The website provides offers and all link registered accommodation and other relative business. Furthermore it provides check availability but unfortunately online real time bookings are not available since the secure payment method in not in place yet. Most tourism companies implement their own websites and they are equal to Europe countries as well. Sri Lankan air line provides 20% total amount of booking in globally but Europe consider it totally amount 50%. Result from recent survey (Etourism at glance Sri Lanka, n.d.) showed that web servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ S W O T Analysis for Sri Lankan tourism sector 1. Strengths a) Being a unique tourist destination Sri Lanka is a one of most attractive destination in the world. It is surrounded by most beautiful beaches, which offer many more cultural and natural places. Kandy was built in 17 and 18 century that provides to see the temple of Lord Buddha.Hikkaduwa is well known as a real paradise for divers and search for abundance reef fishing turtles. Annuradapura has been classed as a world heritage site by U.N.E.S.C.O (United nations educational, scientific and cultural organisation) Sigiriya would be most valuable place that is going back thousand of years history. Visitors can see caves and gardens, which never ceases. In recent study (Kumara, n.d), Sri Lankan awesome placesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ And also East coast creates some best beaches like Arugabay and Nilavelli beaches with stunning coral reefs can be taken as new destination points which have been added with end of the ethnic conflict. In addition Arugabay offers best surfing destination in the world. These regions are given unseen scenes like whale watching, natural hot spring in Kanniya and ancient ruins in Ampara. Result from a recent survey (East coast at a glance, n.d.), showed that unseen east destinationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. b) The strong management force behind the tourism sector in government Sri Lanka has formed number of government agencies to directly involve in tourist development. Ministry of tourism Sri Lankan tourism development authority. (S.L.T.D.A) Sri Lankan tourism promotion bureau. (S.L.T.B.A) Sri Lankan institute of hotel management. (S.L.I.T.H.M) Sri Lankan convention bureau. (S.L.C.B) Other government agencies are that indirectly involve in the industry Urban development authority (U.D.A) Central environment authority (C.E.A) Department of wild life conservation. (D.W.L.C) Private agencies are such as tourist hotel association and cultural triangle hotelier association. In addition non-government agencies works for community for development process in the post conflict areas. Howkins et al., (2009) describe the Sri Lanka connecting regional economiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ministry of tourist boards vision is to implement sustainability for tourism industry in Sri Lanka. The ministry of tourism and tourist board mission is to As Ministry of tourism Sri Lanka (n.d.) Position Sri Lanka as the most treasured island destination in Asia, which hold trueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Mission of tourist board As Ministry of tourism Sri Lanka (n.d.) Create an enable environment for the public and private sector in partnership to tourist develop tourism its desired potential while sustaining and conserving both the natural and cultural recoursesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. which hold trueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ C) The vital role of the Sri Lankan Tourism development authority This is the major organization for Tourism development, which is playing main role for setting targets, and principles development. Therefore S.L.T.D.A is responsible for promoting Sri Lanka as a travel and tourist destination in national and international level. S.L.T.D.A planning to facilitate own lands for lease to private sectors for develops in eastern province. E.g. Trincomalee and passikudah areas. Howkins et al., (2009) describe the Sri Lanka connecting regional economiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Organizations proposed plans are: Improve and maintain tourist infrastructure project. SLTDA ensure to provide quality products and service with secure atmosphere to tourists. Sri Lanka is positioning as a treasured island in terms of natures secrets and maintains one of the best destinations in the world. Agency setting targets to create skill and training for better job opportunity to society. Agency plan to expand domestic tourism to get motivate for develop international sector. Result from the recent survey (product development, n.d) showed that government expect to provide benefit to communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ d) International role by Sri Lanka tourism bureau S.L.T.B is act as a international marketing and promotion to industry which consult with S.L.T.D.A .in 2009 industry re brand as a small miracle Howkins et al., (2009,p39) describe the Sri Lankan tourism bureau activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ .furthermore it is promoting new destination such as east region and published broachers to attract natural beauty of Trincomalee to Arugubay. For promotion campaign they advertise local television and special events like international surfing competition. S.L.CB is mainly responsible for MICE activities (meeting, incentive, conference and exhibition), which provides service to develop and applies competitive age to industry. Howkins et al., (2009,) describe the Sri Lankan tourism authority responsibilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ e) Cost advantage for tourism industry Minister of public administration and deputy minister of finance explained devastating effects of conflict made costs of investing and operating a business. With the end of the ethnic conflict, commercial transportation of goods, insurance and other commodity prices have fallen down which paved way to less financial arrangements costs are much lower with dawn of peace that added much more competitive edge over other destination in the area. Therefore country has more advantage to access too many products via free trade agreement with India and Pakistan. In recent study (Amnugama, 2009), business is profitableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2. Weaknesses a) Infrastructure issues Limited rail networks available throughout the country where rail travel is much more difficult which take 10 hours journey to reach Batticoloa and hill country and to East province. In recent study (Wijesinha, 2009), lack of infrastructure in the eastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ b) How does the poverty can be a constraint to the development of the tourism industry in Sri Lanka? According to the World Bank report Sri Lanka is under developed country with per capita income in average us $ 810 per year. However the poverty being reduces over the past four decades. But still it is 35% of 19 million living under poverty line. The reason of this situation is continuous political unrest and unsuitable economy policies in the country. Mackee et al., (2007), described lack of skills of the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Furthermore social constrains are the main areas that have effects on tourism which encourage prostitution and child abuse. It is very often as a growing problem that male and female unemployed young job seeker are attracted to tourist areas willing to do whatever jobs to earn an income. Today it estimates more than 5000 children are being used in child prostitution in Sri Lanka. In recent study (Samarasuriya, 1997), showed that prostitution became a huge issueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ c) Environmentalist groups intervention on some tourist attraction sites due to lack of government funding to prevent impact to environment Unfortunately number of issues can identify as environment issues due o lack of environmental assessments (EA) activities in the country .It is difficult to find suitable qualified or professional staff with in the country due to lack of training and funding by government. In addition testing of approved projects effectiveness, this is tested very rarely. Another issue is lack of inter agency co-ordination such as development authority and improper government legislation. Mackee et al., (2007), described lack of skills of the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Governments implementation of buffer zone regulations in coast after the tsunami that makes it difficult get building permission on small-scale tourism business industry especially in rebuilding sites that was under war for past 3 decade Ex: arugubay area. Result from recent survey (Sri Lanka, n.d.), showed that government legislationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 3. Threats a) Competition of neighbouring countries Asian region recorded double growth in the past two decade of tourism industry, which indicates G.D.P contribution to their economies. Where Sri Lanka is lagged behind where it is difficult to penetrate straight away in to market that easily. According to the Pacific Asia travel association (PATA) revel similar estimate as 6% growth in Asia and Sri Lankas negative commitments and image in tourism industry will remain for sometime in global arena over the competition of its south Asian rivals. In recent study (Miththapala, 2009), Sri Lanka tourism quo vadisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ b) Natural threats as Tsunami issues Natural disasters have been a considerable factor that has impact on world tourism industry. Tsunami cost more than 30000 thousand lives and more importantly destroyed the lower and medium scale tourism communities based on the coastal areas since December 2004. . Result from recent study (Bureau of south and Central Asia affairs, 2009), showed negative impact of tsunamià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ c) Influence of World terrorism activities that create negative awareness of countries that had history of terrorism such as Sri Lanka Since the Al Qaeda suicide attacks which was killed 2972 on September 2001. The world travel and tourism council estimates tourism demand reduction 10% and affected world wide not for only America also country like Sri Lanka that had been under long term terrorism is still remained cautioned in European market Bennett and Bray (n.d.) have proposed that impact of terrorismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ d) Work force migration to developed countries Economic and social complications have influenced to skilled workers to migrate to develop countries such as Europe, America and Australia. Skilled labour migration has become a threat to industry where there is shortfall of skilled labour for some areas of the service industry. In recent survey (Haque, 2005), migration trend and patternà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ e) Global economic crises affect for the industry. Impact of the world tourism badly affect due to global credit crunch in2008.this is clear how effect which indicators shows 6% growth beginning and end of the year it showed 2%. Then it shown negative figures in 2009.as a result people only consider basic need as a security of job and avoid travel plans, which had wider impact on tourism depended countries such Sri Lanka In recent study (Miththapala, 2009), Sri Lanka tourism quo vadisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 4. Opportunities a) Massive infrastructures projects in East and northern region. As the devastating effects of tsunami and terrorism that lasted north and east part of the country-causing heavy loss on infrastructure. Government plans to develop the area with major projects that support tourism industry as well. In recent study (Gupta, 2005), devastated infrastructure in eastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Therefore government planed to manage recover proposals in North West coast. Something such as they address several locations in east beaches like Aru

The Impact Of Exercise On Happiness Essay

The Impact Of Exercise On Happiness Essay The impact of exercise on happiness has long been interest to researchers and many researches had identified that exercise as a cause of joy. Happiness is consisted of three components which are positive excitement, life satisfaction and the absence of negative state like depression and stress. Exercise refers to planned, structured, and repetitive movement to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness (Knà ¶chel et al., 2012). Other than physical benefits such as reduced risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, exercise has also psychological benefits which including greater levels of positive mood and happiness, lower levels of depression and anxiety (Reed Ones, 2006). People who exercise are happier and more sociable than people do not participate in exercise. Meta-analyses and comprehensive reviews have clearly showed that exercise minimize self-reported anxiety and depression. Reed and Ones (2006) meta-analytic review of 158 studies concluded that exercise can helps to increase positive mood. For instant, participants who took part in a ten weeks exercise program for mood-enhancing purpose, they experienced significantly increased self-esteem after complete the program. Moreover, experiments done on American and Italian teenagers showed that they are at the happiest state when they get involved in sports and games (Huang Humphreys, 2012). According to the findings, regular exercise results in life satisfaction, increases happiness and improves general health in students (Gatab Pirhayti, 2012). There are students who practice regular exercise such as jogging to maintain health. On the other hand, Forrest and McHale (2010) as cited in Huang Humphreys (2012) found that women who engaged in physical activity reported higher well-being than women with similar characteristics who did not engage in physical activity. Problem Statement and Significance of Study Many students claimed that they do not have time to exercise as homework and assignments have taken up all their time. They would rather spend their time surfing internet, playing online games or hanging out with friends when they are free. Some students who are obese do not practice regular exercise and they have lower level of happiness. Exercise and food choices are areas for improvement. Furthermore, group exercises will increase happiness in students (Gatab Pirhayti, 2012). For example, males are more likely to be involved in group exercise such as playing basketball, badminton and football. In sports and group activities, people will learn to help others, cooperation in teamwork and thus can build stronger friendship and self-confidence that lead to happiness. Planned Activity Procedure An exercise program was scheduled and planned for the participants (6 group members of the assignment: 2 males and 4 females) during the initial 2-4 weeks of the trimester at their university. All participants were aged 21-22. The instruction regarding the exercise and completion of Authentic Happiness Inventory Questionnaire was being posted in the Facebook group page prior to the starting of exercise program. Before and after the whole exercise program, participants are required to complete the Authentic Happiness Inventory Questionnaire to assess their pre- and post-activity level of happiness. Participants were being told to jog lightly for a period of 30 minutes at moderate pace and intensity. Jogging sessions took place in Westlake Garden which located near to participants house area while the questionnaire and self reflection were being done individually by participants seated at home or any indoor area. There were at least 3 jogging programs being conducted in group each week . All exercise program were took place in early evening (around 5.30 PM), with the condition when the weather was fine. Rationale for the Activity Chosen Part of the rationale that jogging or walking was chosen was because it is safe and effective in promoting health. At the same time, it was expected to be enjoyable or at least tolerable for everyone across a wide range of fitness level and body weights (LePage and Crowther, 2010). Walking was being emphasized as a significant example of appropriate lifestyle activity for it is readily accessible and easily regulated exercise. This rationale is supported by the assumption that lower intensity of activity tends to be adopted and maintained for longer period of time (Ekkekakis, Backhouse, Gray and Lind, 2008). In short, moderate intensity is more likely to be practice for long period than high-intensity activities. Theoretical Approaches There are many interesting theories which are related about happiness and also to explain how people can gain happiness and increase their happiness level. Theories related to happiness will be like flow, hedonic, eudaimonic and learned helplessness. Theories chosen to be discussed on how exercise related to happiness are theory of flow and hedonic theory of happiness. Theory of Flow We are interested in Csikszentmihalyis theory of flow because the experience of being in flow is fairly common for people, and they are also easy to be recognized this condition. According to Csikszentmihalyi (as cited in Compton, 2005), flow denotes the holistic sensation present when we act with total involvement. Human always gain happiness or enjoyment when they put attention towards the content of the activity. For instance, when a person who is exercise lover, they will always tend to enjoy and found happiness during their exercise moment, they may pay attention towards what they are doing, and do not conscious their surroundings. Therefore, flow theory can explain how the athletes increase their happiness during exercise. Flow is the experience that allows people to enjoy life, feel happier and function better. Firstly, the characteristic of action and awareness are merged is explaining on how people feel inside the activity (Compton, 2005). Next, flow is complete concentration on the task at hand, which complete concentration and centering of attention on the activity of the moment and the concentration appears effortless. Distractions are excluded from the consciousness, people will not focus on the distractions anymore but put attention at the task (McGuinness, 2006). Thirdly, when people is in flow, they will be lack of worry about losing control, which means they have a sense of control, they feels they are in complete control of their action. In additional, flow is a loss of self-consciousness, which ego part of human is quieted, and we do not have to think before we act, we are not trapped in an internal conflict between various options (Compton, 2005). Others than that, being in flow, time is no longer seems to pass in ordinary way, which means time seem to pass more quickly than usual. Next, flow is refer to the experience is done for its own sake rather than a means to another goal. Flow also accompanies a challenging activity that requires skill which personal challenge of an activity may pushes individuals skill level, and requisite concentrate is produced that can induce the flow experience (Compton, 2005). Hedonic Theory of Happiness The other theory which can explain well about happiness is hedonic. According to Norrish and Vella-brodrick (2008), this theory explains that in order to be happy, we must maximize our pleasure while on the same time minimize experience that is painful. Thus, happiness will only occur if pleasure experience and sensory gratification are more than the painful experience. If painful experience is more than pleasure experience, then happiness is unlikely to occur. Hedonism also call hedonic well-being includes the idea that pleasure is the basic motivating force behind most of the human behaviors but also recognize that certain pleasures require positive social interactions with other people (Compton, 2005). It comprises of an affective component such as high positive affection and low negative affection, and also the cognitive component which the satisfaction with life (Happiness and Positive Psychology, 2010). Rationale of Theories Chosen As compared to eudaimonic theory, hedonic theory is more suitable for us to access happiness in this assignment because it can be retrieve easily by asking person current emotional state and also it can be experience easily in different situation. In eudaimonic, people may do not experience fully and when they are not achieve certain category. During sport time, participants may experience happiness when they involved in social interaction with other, playing with others, they increase their positive mood (maximizing pleasant) and forget their sad moment, they are more satisfied towards their current situation, which is no stress and relax (minimizing unpleasant). Therefore, people are more enjoy during in sport moment, because they more involved in activity and presence of positive mood. Last but not least, there have a lot of different theories to talk about happiness, however being in flow and hedonic is easy to access and understand in general. Literature Review Exercise Intensity Different intensity of exercise can also bring different impacts on mood and exercise motivation. People tend not to continue with exercise when it is high-intensity activities as compared to moderate-intensity physical activities (Ekkekakis, Backhouse, Gray and Lind, 2008). Optimal benefits of exercise happen in moderate level, but not low or high intensity exercise (Reed Ones, 2006). This is further supported by Farahani, Saiah, Heidary, Nabilu, and Eskandaripour (2011), saying that regular exercise results in higher life-satisfaction, relaxation, self-esteem, joy than highly intense exercise. It was found that positive effects exist only for exercise duration up to 35 minutes and last for at least 30 minutes after exercise before returning to baseline (Reed Ones, 2006). Walking was being recommended as a prime example of appropriate moderate intensity activity. Many choose walking as their physical activity because it is readily accessible and easily regulated exercise (Anderson and Brice, 2011). It is not good to exercise or involves in sport activities overly. Study showed individuals exercising at high levels exhibit greater eating pathology than individuals who exercise moderate levels (LePage Crowther, 2010). Affective Effects of Physical Exercise Since 1981, a lot of literature reviewed that exercise decreases negative psychological states like self-reported anxiety and depression. It is proven that exercise can reduces tension, anxiety and anger effectively (Yeung, 1996 as cited in Stubbe, Moor, Boomsma Geus, 2007). This is a consistent finding because it is congruent with the finding of Huang and Humphreys (2012) that exercise enhances mental well-being through improved mood and it can be considered as an effective treatment for clinical depression and anxiety. Wininger (2007) as cited in Anderson and Brice (2011) called these reductions in negative mood states as sense of relief effect. This is because sport activities can produce anti-depression effects started from the moment we start exercise and it will stay for some time after finishing the exercise (Kiyani, Mohammadi Sattarzadeh, 2011). This result from the study of Birkeland, Torsheim and Wold (2009) also showed that there are weak but significant negative relatio nships between leisure-time activity and depressed mood. Alfermann and Stoll (2010) as cited in Stanley Cumming (2010) found that exercise was positively correlates with stress-management and control-orientation. Besides from improved well-being, it was also found that exercise can leads to greater ability to cope with stress (Holley et al., 2010 as cited in Knochel et al., 2012). Results from the study of Raedeke, Focht Scales (2009) showed that exercise was associated with positively activated affective states. One of the reason athletes participate in sport is because they can gain fun, enjoyment, challenge and excitement from the activity (Farahani, Saiah, Heidary, Nabilu and Eskandaripour, 2011). Behavioral Effects of Physical Exercise Physical exercise and quality of sleep. The American Sleep Disorders Association had considered physical exercise as a modality of non-pharmacological treatment for sleep disorder (Santos, Tufik, Mello, 2007). Some researches had shown the positive effect about physical exercise and improve the quality of sleep. Physical activity not only associated with better sleep in the general population. Physical activity may also improve the sleep quality among those with sleeping disorders (Loprinzi Cardinal, 2011). And in Brand et al. (2009) research had shown that the adolescent athletes reported better sleep patterns as well as psychological functioning when compared to sedentary control. Any fatiguing activity during daytime that in turn results in a greater metabolic requirement for compensatory night-time sleep also can improve the quality of sleep (Youngstedt, OConnor Dishman as cited in Fairbrother, 2011). Moreover, daytime exercise is a leading factor associated with the best qual ity night-time sleep (Youngstedt Kline, 2006 as cited in Fairbrother, 2011). Happiness and quality of sleep. Insufficient sleep is one of the unhealthy behaviors that can influence the happiness level of individual. The people who was insufficient sleep has shown that easily feeling tired, low energy and unable to concentrate on the task and those behavior has directly linked to lower levels of happiness (Chuah, et al., 2010). Insufficient sleep also can lower the levels of happiness by indirectly way. For example, the people who lack of sleep will decrease the productivity at workplace or school; increase the chance to get injuries (Choi, et al., 2006) negative effect toward interpersonal interactions with others (Totterfell et al, 1994 as cited in Hansen, 2012). In conclusion, time of sleep and quality of sleep has negative correlation with level of happiness. By improve the quality of sleep will improve the level of happiness. Cognitive Effects of Physical Exercise Physical exercise and self esteem. Exercise is a proven way to increase self-esteem (Myers, Sweeney, Witmer, 2000). Research has indentified that physical activity behavior have a strong correlated to self esteem in both children (Strauss, Rodzilsky, Burack, Colin, 2001), adolescents (Erkut Tracy, 2002) and adults (McAuley et al, 2000 as cited in Haugen, Sà ¤fvenbom, Ommundsen, 2011) Experiences in the physical activity context are proposed to influence perceptions of self-efficacy. Change in self-efficacy can lead to higher level change in four sub domain perceptions of the physical self (sports competence, physical condition, body attractiveness and physical strength), which may then generalize to improvement in an overall sense of physical self-worth. Change in physical self-worth may then generalize to global self-esteem. And perception of self also play an important role in overall feeling of self esteem (Sonstroem et al, 1994 as cited in White, Kendrick, Yardley, 2009). M oreover, physical activity can improve self-image, self-confidence; relieve stress tension and premenstrual tension, increased alertness, increased energy, increased ability to cope with stress and moods (Greist Jefferson, 1992 as cited in Greenberg Oglesby, 1996) Biological Effects of Physical Exercise One of the ways to gain happiness is by releasing some neurotransmitter that can make people feel happy. The neurotransmitter that can improve the level of happiness is serotonin, endorphin and dopamine (Breuning, 2011). Numerous biological and chemical hypotheses have been proposed to explain the effects of exercise on positive psychological health. One theory implies that exercise increases serotonin levels and that the release of endogenous opioids from the pituitary gland acts as a mood enhancer and antidepressant. Endorphin is the neurotransmitter that as the bodys natural painkiller and start releasing the individual after begins the exercise. Endorphin improves the level of happiness by four key effects on the body: they can relieve pain, reduce stress and anxiety, enhance the immune system and postpone the aging process. If we continuous exercise for more than 30 minutes then release of these hormones (Rokade, 2011). Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter thought to be involved in mood modulation and inhibition of emotional systems (Panksepp, 1982 as cited in Williams, et al., 2006) Serotonin improves happiness level by change the negative mood. Lower platelet serotonin was associated with lower mood (Peirson Heuchert, 2000 as cited in Young, 2007) whereas better mood was associated with higher blood serotonin levels in human body (William et al , 2006). There are two mechanisms by which physical activity increases brain serotonin. First, motor activity increases the rate and frequency at which serotonin is fired within the brain, resulting in an increase in both the release and synthesis of it. Secondly, regular exercise increases the level of tryptophan in the brain. Tryptophan is an amino acid used to manufacture the serotonin (Turcotte, 2011). Physical Exercise Provide Opportunity for Socialization Literature shows that those who participate in group sports are happier and more sociable (Kiyani, Mohammadi, and Sattarzadeh, 2011). At the same time, to be a social person is one of the ways to increase the level of happiness as human being is a social creature. This is shown in the study of Raedeke, Focht Scales (2009) that people reported higher exercise enjoyment and greater intentions of joining similar exercise activities when they feel more engaged and revitalized. Sport exercises were being recognized as the easiest and powerful way for creation of positive social relationship with others because it is usually in group form (Talebzadeh and Samkan, 2011). Study support the significant relationship between exercise and level of happiness, it is reported that people who involved in sports and group activities will learn to help others, teamwork, gain friendship and thus have a happy life (Gatab and Pirhayti, 2012). There is congruent with the study of Farahani et al., (2011), stated that there are socialization processes when participate in sport activities because they are able to be with others and feel the sense of belonging to a group. Besides, exercise is also able to enhances communication, benchmarking, strength feedbacks, social and communication skills (Newman, 2011). The level of authentic happiness was being analyzed in terms of scores and percentage as shown in Table 1.0. After carrying out several exercises, obviously the level of authentic happiness among our group members had increased. In order to have a more accurate result, we took one test separately before starting any exercise activities and another test after exercising. The scale that Chin ling scored before exercising was 2.92 and after exercising were 3.29. Kok Heng scored 1.80 before exercising and 2.04 after exercising while Pooi Hean obtained 2.67 before exercising and 3.29 after exercising. The scaled that Kai Shen gained before exercising was 3.13 and after exercising were 3.63. For Jie Yings scale before exercising were 3.46 and after exercising were 3.54. Before exercising, Su Inn scored 2.13 and 3.13 after exercising. The results shown that the level of authentic happiness will be increase when exercise. The least increasing of the scale is 0.08 while the most increasing of the scale is 1.0. After exercising, the highest scale of the authentic happiness scale among our group members is 3.63 out of 5.00. Qualitative Analysis of Activity Personal reflection in the form of diary or journal was analyzed according to different themes. In this case, thematic analysis was used to examine how different aspect of exercise (biological, cognition, affection and behavioral) influence level of happiness. Biological Influence on Happiness. Throughout the entire exercise activities, Chin Ling found that she became happier and cheerful. This can be explained that exercise can improve happiness by releasing some neurotransmitter which included serotonin, endorphin and dopamine that can make people feel happy (Breuning, 2011). Moreover, sport activities can produce anti-depression effects started from the moment we start exercise and it will stay for some time after finishing the exercise (Kiyani, Mohammadi Sattarzadeh, 2011). Affective Influence on Happiness. Besides, Chin Lings stress also released through exercise. In the meanwhile, Kok Heng also pointed out that feeling better after exercising as he had time to relax from the assignment and midterm. Moreover, Pooi Hean also found that exercise helped her to keep her mind calm and relax after facing computer for a long period. She also said that exercise is not tiring but helped to minimize her tiredness. Kai Shen declared that that is the moment he can totally free himself from stress and just focus on the conversation when we are jogging or walking together to the same direction. All these statement supported by researchers that exercise can leads to greater ability to cope with stress (Holley et al., 2010 as cited in Knochel et al., 2012). Behavioral Influence on Happiness. Some researchers had shown the positive effect about physical exercise and improve the quality of sleep (Loprinzi Cardinal, 2011). The level of happiness will be improved when the quality of sleep is improved. All these statements are congruent with the reflection of Pooi Hean who mentioned that exercise helped to reduce her insomnia problem and she will be more energetic the next day. Jie Ying also pointed out that she felt energetic as well after exercising and has more motivation to done with her assignment. She also had the experience of sleeping very well after exercising. Cognitive Influence on Happiness. Other than that, Pooi Hean stated that she felt good after exercising because she can lost weight in a very healthy way. She also said that exercise is a great way to keep fit, maintain health and have a better body image. The more she satisfied with the body shape, the more she feels confident and happy. Furthermore, Kai Shen mentioned that he didnt know how much weight he had lost throughout exercise but he just knows that he feel more confident with his body image. Besides, he had more positive thought about his own health as compared to last time which he didnt do much physical activity. All these reflections are congruent with some researches that physical activity can improve self-image, self-confidence; increased alertness, increased energy, increased ability to cope with stress and moods (Greenberg Oglesby, 1996). Opportunity for Socialization. Kok Heng also stated that he felt happy as he really enjoyed the moment with friends. Also, the interaction with friends and get to know more about them let Jie Ying felt very joyful and enjoyed during exercise. Moreover, Kai Shen mentioned that after exercising, the first thing he gains is a better relationship among his friends. He enjoyed not only the satisfaction of the exercise itself, but more of the chit-chating part which allow them to talk about all kind of things. These reflections are congruent with literature shows that those who participate in group sports are happier and more sociable (Kiyani, Mohammadi, and Sattarzadeh, 2011). Sport exercises were being recognized as the easiest and powerful way for creation of positive social relationship with others because it is usually in group form (Talebzadeh and Samkan, 2011). This is true that most of our group member claimed that exercise can improve the relationship among friends. Hedonic theory also stated that certain pleasures require positive social interactions with other people (Compton, 2005). Hedonic can be retrieve easily by asking person current emotional state In Flow during Exercise. Other than that, Su Inn enjoyed the walking session with her friends. Surprisingly she found that the time passed very fast when they were walking to campus. They laughed and talked as well as enjoyed the nice view along the pathway when walking. This phenomenon is congruent with flow theory when being in flow, time is no longer seems to pass in ordinary way, which means time seem to pass more quickly than usual (Compton, 2005). She complete focused in what she is doing at that moment which make her feel like the time seem to pass more quickly than usual.